B1.1 Condensation and Hydrolysis of Sugars
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What is a monosaccharide?
Single sugar unit; building block of carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, galactose, fructose).
What is a disaccharide?
Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic bond; examples: maltose, lactose, sucrose, cellobiose.
What is a polysaccharide?
Polymer of many monosaccharides via glycosidic bonds; examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose.
What happens in a condensation reaction?
Two monosaccharides join → forms a glycosidic bond and releases water (dehydration synthesis).
What happens in a hydrolysis reaction?
Disaccharide split into monosaccharides → uses water, catalyzed by specific enzymes (e.g., maltase, lactase).
What determines which disaccharide is formed?
Monomer identity and their α or β forms.
Which disaccharides are reducing sugars?
Maltose and lactose; sucrose is non-reducing.
Give examples of disaccharides and their composition.
• Maltose: 2 α-glucose • Lactose: β-glucose + β-galactose • Sucrose: α-glucose + β-fructose • Cellobiose: 2 β-glucose
Why are disaccharides important biologically?
Energy sources and building blocks for larger molecules