Chapter 15 - Haloalkanes (MODULE 4)
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how are haloalkanes named
add prefix of halide, in alphabetical order, in front of the longest chain
What is a haloalkane
a compound containing carbon, hydrogen and at least one halogen
What are species that donate a lone pair of electrons known as
nucleophiles
What are some common examples of nucleophiles
hydroxide ions, water molecule, ammonia
what is nucleophilic substitution in haloalkanes
when a nucleophile replaces the halogen in a haloalkane
What happens during hydrolysis of a haloalkane
halogen in haloalkane is replaced by a hydroxide ion
during hydrolysis, what happens to the carbon- halogen bond
undergoes heterolytic fission
What product is formed when a haloalkane undergoes hydrolysis
alcohol
what is done to speed up the hydrolysis reaction of haloalkanes
heated under reflux
What does the rate of hydrolysis of haloalkanes depend on
the carbon halogen bond strength
What is the order of bond strength, highest to lowest of: C-F C-Cl C-Br C-I
C-F strongest C-Cl C-Br C-I weakest
Why are fluoroalkanes relatively unreactive
large quantities of energy are needed to break the C-F bond
how to the reaction speeds of iodoalkanes compare to chloroalkanes and bromoalkanes
iodoalkanes faster than bromoalkanes faster than chloroalkanes
how would you measure the rate of hydrolysis of a primary haloalkane
react the haloalkane with aqueous silver nitrate, and measure the time taken for a precipitate to form
How do the hydrolysis speeds of primary, secondary and tertiary haloalkanes compare
tertiary is fastest, then secondary then primary
what are organohalogens
molecules with at least one halogen atom bonded to a carbon chain
what is the ozone layer
a layer of attmosphere at the outer edge of stratosphere
Why is the depletion of the ozone layer bad for organisms
increased amounts of UV-B radiation reach the earth, which causes sunburn and cancer
What is the equilibrium reaction of the formation of ozone
O2 + O ⇌ O3
What do CFCs stand for
chlorofluorocarbons
What does HCFC stand for
hydro chloro fluoro carbons
Why are CFCs and HCFCs quite stable
because of the strength of the carbon halogen bonds within their molecules
What happens when CFCs reach the stratosphere
they begin to break down and form chlorine radicals, which catalyse the breakdown of the ozone layer
What is the initiation step of the reaction of CF2Cl2 and ozone - what catalyst is needed
CF2Cl2 -> CF2Cl* + Cl* - UV