Organic Chem
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What does the displayed formula show?
Shows the spatial arrangement of all the atoms/bonds in a molecule.
What does the structural formula show?
Unambiguous description of the way atoms in a molecule are arranged. Usually only show double/tripile bonds. Single bonds are omitted.
What are structural isomers?
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula.
4 Things a homologous series have in common:
• Same general formula • Same functional group • Similar chemical properties • Gradation in physical properties (such as mp/bp)
What is the general formula of an alkane?
Cn H2n+2
What is the general formula of an alkene?
Cn H2n
What is the general formula of an alcohol?
Cn H2n + 1 OH
What is the general formula of a carboxylic acid?
Cn H2n + 1 COOH
What are saturated compounds?
They contain molecules in which all C-C bonds are single bonds.
What is an unsaturated compound?
Contain one or more C=C bonds.
What is petroleum?
Crude oil - a mixture of hydrocarbons which also contains natural gas.
Where is crude oil found?
Under porous rock (under the ground/in the sea) that is a thick, black and sticky liquid.
What is fractional distillation?
Separating compounds based on their boiling points.
What does each fraction consist of?
Group of hydrocarbons with similar chain lengths. Similiar properties and bp.
What is the process of fractional distillation?
• Crude oil is heated and vapourised • The vapours of hydrocarbons enter the fractional distillation column with a temperature gradient • The vapours of hydrocarbons with high bp condense at the bottom of the column • The vapours of hydrocarbons with lower bp condense and rise to the top
What is viscosity?
Refers to the ease of flow of a liquid.
What is volatility?
Tendency of a substance to vapourise
What is the use of refinery gas?
Heating and cooking. 1-4 carbon atoms. BP: 25>
What is gasoline fuel used for?
Fuel for cars. 4-12 carbon atoms. BP: 40-100
What is naptha used for?
Raw products for producing chemicals. 7-14 carbon atoms. BP: 90-150
What is kerosene used for?
For making jet fuel (parrafin). 12-16 carbon atoms. BP:150-240
What is diesel used for?
Fuel for diesel engines. 14-18 carbon atoms. BP: 220-300
What is fuel oil used for?
Fuel for ships & home heating. 19-25 carbon atoms. BP: 250-320
What is lubricating oil used for?
Used for lubricants, polishes, wax. 20-40 carbon atoms. BP: 300-350