Producing New Cells
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What are chromosomes
They are thread-like structures found inside the nucleus that contain genetic information
Features of chromosomes
Each chromosome is made of two identical strands called chromatids. Each chromatid is identical and therefore carries the same genes.
Where are chromosomes inherit
One chromosome from each pair is inherited from each parent
What does diploid refer to
Diploid cells have two matching sets of chromosomes.
Features of Sex cells
A cell that contains only one set of chromosomes is said to be haploid
Stage 1 of mitosis
The chromosomes in the nucleus replicate their DNA to make identical copies. The chromosomes shorten and thicken and can now be seen as pairs of chromatids.
Stage 2 of mitosis
The nuclear membrane breaks down. chromatids line up along the equator of the cell spindle fibres attach themselves to the chromatids.
Stage 3 of mitosis
The chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
Stage 4 of mitosis
Two new nuclei are formed and each nucleus contains the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell. The cytoplasm divides and two identical daughter cells are formed
Stem cells in animals
Stem cells in animals are unspecialised cells which can divide in order to self-renew
Potential of stem cells
They have the potential to become different types of cells. They are involved in growth and repair
Types of stem cells
Embryonic stem cells Tissue stem cells
Tissue stem cells
They cannot differentiate into every type of cell
Hierarchy of organ systems
Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems