Bonding (ionic)
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Define ionic bonding
The electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions
What charge ion does group 5, 6 and 7 atoms form?
Group 5 = -3 charge Group 6 = -2 charge Group 7 = -1 charge
What charge ion do group 4 and group 0 atoms from?
Group 4 doesn’t have a charge Group 0 has a charge of 0
How are cations formed? Which elements tend to form cations?
Cations are formed by atoms losing electrons Elements in groups 1,2 and 3 tend to lose electrons to form cations
What is the general equation for forming cations?
X ~> x ^n+ + xe-
What happens when atoms become ions?
They achieve stable noble gas configuration because the ions have full outer shells
How are anions formed? What elements tend to form anions?
Anions are formed when atoms gain electrons to form positive ions Elements in group 5 to 7
What is the general equation for forming anions? (Diatomic)
X2 + 2ne- ~> xn-
What is the valency number?
The valency number is the number on the charge of an ion without the positive or negative charge eg magnesium has a valency of 2
How do you write formulas of ionic compounds using the valency method?
Write the each element and their charges Use that to get their valency number Cross the valencies Write formula
How did you write formulas of ionic compounds using the balancing charges method?
Write each element and their charges Calculate how many of each you would need to get overall charge of 0
Why are Roman numerals used in the names of some metals? Give an example
Some metals (usually in the d block) can form various ions so to identify which one it is the Roman numerals are used For example Cu 2+ ions are Cu (II) V 4+ ions are V (IV)
What is a simple ion? Give an example
An ion that is made from one element / atom eg Na
What is a polyatomic or complex ion? Give an example
An ion that contains more than one type of atom, for example NH4+
What are the 7 common polyatomic ions and their formulas?
Ammonium NH4+ Nitrate N03- Hydroxide OH- Hydrogensulfate HSO4- Sulfate S042- Carbonate CO32- Phosphate PO4 3-
What is the rule for polyatomic ions and writing formulas?
If a polyatomic ion has a valency greater than 1 after swapping them then you must sue brackets
Define an acid
A proton donor (H+)
Why is aqueous HCl and acid but solid HCl isn’t?
Aqueous HCl is able to donate H+ ions because the water separates the H+ and Cl- Solid HCl has particles held in a diced position so it cannnot donate a proton
What does aqueous mean?
Dissolved in water
What are the 5 common acids and their formulas?
Hydrochloric acid HCl Sulfuric acid H2SO4 Nitric acid HNO3 Phosphoric acid H3PO4 Carbonic acid H2CO3
What is a lattice?
A regular, repeated three dimensional arrangement of Jon’s / molecules or atoms in a solid
What is a crystal structure?
A solid material whose constituents I.e molecules, atoms or ions are arranged in a highly ordered structure, forming a lattice that extends in all directions
What are non crystalline structures called?
Amorphous
How do you draw giant ionic lattices?
Draw a cube Place an ion in the middle of each line Place the opposite ion of the middle one in each corner Place the same ion as the corner one on each side of the cube