C1 - The particulate nature of matter
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What are the 3 states of matter
solid, liquid and gas
What is an atom
the smallest particle of matter
What is a molecule
a small particle made from more than one atom bonded together
What is an element
A substance made of only one type of atom
What is a compound
A substance made from two or more different elements chemically bonded together
What is a mixture
A substance made from two or more elements or compounds mixed but not chemically bonded
What are the properties of a solid
Have a fixed shape Can’t be compressed Particles are closely pact and have a regular pattern Particles vibrate around a fixed point
What are the properties of a liquid
Particles are very close but can move and flow freely past one another Have a fixed volume but can change shape and filled container When heated particle speed increases
What are the properties of a gas
Particles are far apart and move randomly in all directions Gases change shape Particles move fast
What are changing states in particles
particles gain or lose energy from heating or cooling To change from solid to liquid heat energy must be put in and provides particles with enough energy to overcome the forces holding them together To change from liquid to solid involves cooling removing heat which makes the particles come closer together and bond
What are the different types of changing states
Solid to liquid = melting liquid to solid = freezing liquid to gas = boiling gas to liquid = condensation solid to gas = sublimation gas to solid = deposition
Test for diffusion of soluble solid in water
potassium permanganate test The purple color diffuses when dropped into water. It diffuses across the water until the color concentration is evenly spread out.
What experiment is used to show the effect of molecular mass on the rate of diffusion
hydrogen chloride ammonia test. Soak a piece of cotton wool in aqueous ammonia (gives off ammonia gas) and another piece of cotton wool in hydrochloric acid (gives off hydrogen chloride gas). Place the two cotton wool balls at opposite ends of a glass tube and bung the ends. The two gases diffuse and form a white ring of ammonium chloride. The white ring forms closer to the end where the hydrochloric acid was. The particles of ammonia are smaller and lighter than the particles of hydrogen chloride, so they diffuse faster.
Diffusion is the
net movement of particles through a gas or liquid from high concentration to a low concentration to create a uniform concentration gradient