Structure 2.1/2 The Ionic and Covalent Model
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What are ions?
Atoms or groups of atoms with an overall charge
How are ions formed?
Transfer of electrons from one atom to another, which results in both atoms having a full outer shell
What do metal atoms generally form in terms of ions?
Cations: positively charged ion
What do non-metal atoms generally form in terms of ions?
Anion: negatively charged ion
What are ionic compounds?
Compounds made up of a combination of cations and anions
What is ionic bonding?
Electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charges
What are transition elements?
Elements whose atoms have incomplete d-subshells or who can give rise to cations with incomplete d subshells
What does isoelectronic mean?
Same amount of electrons
Which monatomic ions tend to possess the electron configuration of a noble gas?
Main group elements (not Group 14)
What is a polyatomic ion?
Overall charged unit of groups of joined atoms
What does the term ‘protonated’ mean?
Adding of a hydrogen ion (essentially just a proton)
What does the term deprotonated mean?
Removal of a hydrogen ion (essentially just a proton)
What is the empirical formulae?
Simplest ratio of atoms of each elements present in that compound
What form is the formula of an ionic compound written in?
Empirical formula
How to write an ionic compound?
• Name of positive ion (cation) first • Include roman numerals if cation is a transition element • Wirte name of anion (monatomic = ends with ‘ide’)
What do Roman numerals indicate on a transition metal?
Oxidation state (similar to charge on an ion) of metallic elements
What is an ionic lattice?
Regular, repeating 3-dimensional arrangement of cations and anions
How do ions arrange themselves in an ionic compound?
In the most stable configuration. Oppositely charged ions are as close together as possible. Ions of the same charge are as far apart as possible
What are the properties of ionic compounds?
Crystalline Low volatilities High melting and boiling points Conduct electricity while molten or in aqueous solution (not when solid) Some are soluble in water Hard Brittle
Why are ionic compounds crystalline?
Structure of lattice
What is the ionic radius?
In a crystalline ionic compound, it is the distance from the nucleus to the valence shell
What happens to the radius of an atom when it becomes a cation?
Reduces. Loses a shell
What happens to the radius of an atom when it becomes an anion?
Enlarges. Repel other electrons + swell atoms
What influences the structure of the ionic lattice?
Size of ionic radii Charge of ions