Lecture 2: Fluids
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What is a fluid?
A material that has the ability to flow
Does a fluid have to be a liquid?
No, both liquids and gases are considered fluids
What causes fluids to flow?
Basic forces like gravity or pressure
Fluids and containers
Fluids assume the shape of their containers, unlike solids, which retain their shape
What is hydrostatics?
The study of fluids that are NOT moving
What are two important properties of hydrostatics?
Density and pressure
What is hydrodynamics
The study of fluids in motion
Pressure =
Force/area
How do you increase pressure?
Increase force or decrease area
How do you decrease pressure?
Decrease force or increase area
At the same depth in a fluid, fluid exerts ___ pressure in all directions
The same
What is Pascal’s principle?
The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the pressure throughout the fluid by the same amount Example: If you increase the pressure on a contained fluid by 5 psi, the pressure everywhere in the fluid goes up by 5 psi
If you’re applying a pressure of 3 psi on the plunger of a syringe with a plugged needle, how does the pressure in the barrel compare to the pressure in the needle?
Pressure is equal throughout (Pascal’s principle)
What is Archimedes Principle?
An object immersed either totally or partially in a fluid feels a buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
If the density of an object is greater than the density of the fluid, then the object will ___
Sink
If the density of the object is less than the density of the fluid, then the object will ___
Float
If the object sinks, the buoyant force is ___
LESS than the true weight of the object
If the object floats, the buoyant force is ___
GREATER than the true weight of the object
What is a hydrometer?
A device used to measure the specific gravity of liquids
What are two types of flow?
• Laminar - Turbulent
What is laminar flow?
Unchanging flow pattern, smooth and orderly
What is turbulent flow?
Continuously varying pattern of flow, abruptly changing and chaotic
In anesthesia, we strive for…
LAMINAR flow
What is flow rate?
The volume of fluid passing a particular point per unit time (i.e.: 3L/min)