CH 2 Exploring Data With Tables and Graphs
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What term shows how data are partitioned among several categories (or classes) by listing the categories along with number (frequency) of data values in each of them?
Frequency distribution (Frequency table)
In regards to constructing frequency distributions, what term describes the smallest numbers that can belong to each of the different classes?
Lower class limits
In regards to constructing frequency distributions, what are the largest numbers that can belong to to each of the different classes?
Upper class limits
In regards to constructing frequency distributions, what are the numbers used to separate the classes, but without the gaps created by class limits?
Class boundaries
In regards to constructing frequency distributions, what term describes the values in the middle of the classes?
Class midpoints
In regards to constructing frequency distributions, what term describes the difference between two consecutive lower class limits in a frequency distribution?
Class width
What term describes when each class frequency is replaced by a percentage?
relative frequency distribution
How do you calculate the relative frequency for a class?
(frequency for a class) / (Sum of all frequencies)
What variation of frequency distribution is used when the frequency of each class is the sum of the frequencies for that class and all previous classes?
cumulative frequency distribution
What are some characteristics of approximately normal frequency distribution?
Frequencies start low, then increase to one or two high frequencies, and then decrease to a low frequency The distribution is approximately symmetric
What does the presence of gaps in a frequency distribution suggest?
data are from two or more different populations
What term describes a graph consisting of bars of equal width drawn adjacent to each other where the horizontal scale represents classes of quantitative data values and the vertical scale represents frequencies?
histogram
List the important uses of a histogram:
Visually displays the shape of the distribution of the data Shows the location of the center of the data Shows the spread of the data Identifies outliers
What has the same shape and horizontal scale as a histogram but the vertical scale uses relative frequencies?
Relative frequency histogram
What are four common histogram distribution shapes?
Bell shaped Uniform distribution Skewed to the right Skewed to the left
What is the criteria for assessing normality with a Normal Quantile Plot?
Normal distribution: pattern is in reasonably close to a straight line and the points do not show some systematic pattern
What type of graph consists of quantitative data in which each data value is plotted as a point above a horizontal scale of values?
dotplot
What type of graph represents quantitative data by separating each value into two parts: the stem and the leaf?
stempot
What type of graph is made of quantitative data that has been collected at different points in time?
Time-series graph
What type of graph uses bars of equal width to show frequencies of categories of categorical data?
Bar graphs
What is a bar graph with the added stipulation that the bars are arranged in descending order?
Pareto Chart
What is a common graph that depicts categorical data as slices of a circle, in which the size of each slice is proportional to the frequency count for the category?
Pie Charts
What uses line segments connected to points located directly above class midpoint values?
Frequency Polygon
What is a variation of the frequency polygon that uses relative frequencies?
relative frequency polygon