Development

after reaching peak health conditions, there is a gradual, normal deterioration of health conditions

when it comes to organisms, can be defined as the orderly and sequential changes that occur from conception to death

(conception to the birth process)

Infancy/Toddlerhood (immediately after birth process to age 2) Early Childhood (ages 3 to 6) Middle Childhood (ages 7-11) Adolescence (ages 12-18) Emerging Adulthood (ages 19-25) Adulthood (ages 26-65) Late Adulthood (ages 66 and over)

developmental events

Physical patterns of growth – emphasis on changes in the nervous systems that occur over time Cognitive patterns of growth – emphasis on changes in mental processing of information that occur over time Social patterns of growth – emphasis on changes in interactions with one’s self and with others that occur over time Each of the above patterns of growth are interrelated General approach is to emphasize “normal” processes or markers associated with aging and/or senescence

Longitudinal methodology – data is collected over time (usually years) from the same group of individuals, as categorized by a cohort (group of individuals who have common characteristics, such as age) Cross sectional methodology – data is collected simultaneously (at the same time and only once) from a group of individuals, as categorized by a cohort (group of individuals who have common characteristics, such as age) Cross sequential methodology – data is collected over time (usually years) from different groups of individuals, as categorized by a cohort, (group of individuals who have common characteristics, such as age)

Germinal stage – conception to the end of 2nd week Embryonic stage – beginning of the 3rd week to the end of the 8th week Fetal stage – beginning of the 9th week to the birth process

Germinal stage – conception to end of 2nd week of prenatal period Fertilization is when a sperm cell penetrates the membrane of an egg cell to become a zygote Mitosis begins within a few hours after fertilization and results in blastocyst The blastocyst travels via the fallopian tube for about 3-4 days into the uterus for implantation

long lasting increase in the excitation of a postsynaptic neuron, therefore, increasing synaptic proliferation structural and functional changes of this neuron

the long lasting decrease in the excitation of a postsynaptic neuron, therefore, increasing synaptic pruning  structural changes and functional changes of this neuron

beginning of the 3rd week to end of 8th week of the prenatal period Embryo becomes attached to wall of uterus by means of placenta Rudiments of the nervous system appear

– process by which individuals develop either biological male bodies, or biological female bodies, during prenatal period For the 23rd pair of chromosome, we receive an X chromosome from our biological mother, and either an X chromosome, or a Y chromosome, from our biological father

born X, rather than XX or XY

born XX with deficient enzyme that increases testosterone production during prenatal period

LTP is synaptic proliferation and LTD is synaptic pruning

frontal lobe (synaptic pruning) limbic area (synaptic proliferation)

reinforcement and reward areas” of the brain known as the subcortical limbic area (circled in red) “decision making areas” of the brain include those of the frontal lobe

Habituation – when a behavioral response is decreased in response to repeated presentations of the same stimulus Dishabituation – the decreased behavioral response, previously observed with repeated presentations of the same stimulus, is restored back to the original behavioral response immediately after presentation of a new or novel stimulus

Contact for attachment has implications for both interpersonal traits, and intrapersonal traits