Vascular Physiology
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What is cardiac hypertrophy?
Abnormal thickening of the heart muscle (AKA Left ventriclar hypertrophy)
What are the cells that make up the vascular system?
Endothelial cells Smooth muscle cells Fibroblasts
What vessels make up the circulatory system?
Arteries, capillaries, veins and lymph vessels
What is the purpose of valves in veins?
They prevent the back flow of blood and maintain the pressure of blood flowing back to the heart.
What role do capillaries have?
They form a network between arteries and veins to allow the transfer of nutrients and waste to and from tissues.
Name the 3 types of capillaries
Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoid
What are continuous capillaries?
They contain small gaps in between endothelial cells for nutrient/waste exchange.
What are fenestrated capillaries?
Leakier than continuous capillaries. They contain small pores + small gaps between cells
Where are fenestrated capillaries mainly found?
In areas requiring lots of exchange between blood and tissues: Small intestine Kidneys
What are sinusoids capillaries?
the leakiest type of capillary. they allow the exchange of large molecules. They have large gaps in the capillary walls + pores & small gaps
Where are sinusoid capillaries found?
Liver Spleen Bone marrow (to allows newly produced blood cells to enter the bloodstream and circulate)
What is the lymphatic system?
Thin walled vessels, complementary to the circulatory system that carry lymph
What is lymph made up of?
Tissue fluid, fat and cells
What does the lymphatic system comprise of?
Lymph nodes, Ducts, vessels
How is blood flow regulated?
The contraction of the heart creating fluid force for the blood The size of vessels Action of smooth muscle cells One way valves (in veins)
What does systolic pressure measure?
The contractile force
What does diastolic pressure measure?
The pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats
What is pulse pressure and what does it represent?
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. Systolic - Diastolic It represents the force generated by the heart for each contraction.
What is blood pressure?
A measure of force of the blood forced out of the ventricles and into the arteries
What is considered an average blood pressure?
120/80
State the definition of the mean arterial pressure?
The average pressure which drives blood through tissues.
What is the equation for the measure of mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
Diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
What is the main driving force for blood flow?
Arterial pressure
What is total peripheral resistance?
The sum of all forces opposing blood flow including: The length of vessel Blood viscosity Vessel radius