Chapter 11 Vocab

The condition in which not enough calories are ingested to maintain health.

Having a diet that lacks the correct balance of proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.

A condition in which people have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an active and healthy life

A condition in which people do not have adequate access to food.

The condition in which food insecurity is so extreme that large numbers of deaths occur in a given area over a relatively short period.

A deficiency of iron.

Ingestion of too many calories and a lack of balance of foods and nutrients

Livestock or poultry consumed as food.

Agriculture that applies the techniques of mechanization and standardization to the production of food. Also known as agribusiness.

The fossil fuel energy and human energy input per calorie of food produced.

A shift in agricultural practices in the twentieth century that included new management techniques, mechanization, fertilization, irrigation, and improved crop varieties, that resulted in increased food output.

The observation that average costs of production fall as output increases.

A form of soil degradation that occurs when soil remains under water for prolonged periods

A form of soil degradation that occurs when the small amount of salts in irrigation water becomes highly concentrated on the soil surface through evaporation.

Fertilizer composed of organic matter from plants and animals.

Fertilizer produced commercially, normally with the use of fossil fuels. Also known as inorganic fertilizer.

An agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species or variety.

A substance, either natural or synthetic, that kills or controls organisms that people consider pests.

A pesticide that targets species of insects and other invertebrates that consume crops

A pesticide that targets plant species that compete with crops.

A pesticide that kills many different types of pest.

A pesticide that targets a narrow range of organisms. Also known as narrow-spectrum pesticide

A pesticide that remains in the environment for a long time.

A pesticide that breaks down rapidly, usually in weeks or months