UNIT 1 - salt formation
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what are salts?
salts are ionic compounds that are formed during neutralisation reactions
what happens during the reaction of salt formation?
the hydrogen ions of the acid are replaced by metal ions or ammonium ions
what do salts contain?
salts contain a positive metal ion (or ammonium ion) from the base and a negative ion from the acid
how do you name salts?
1st name = positive metal ion of the base (ammonia becomes ammonium) 2nd name = negative ion present in the acid
what does hydrochloric acid make when naming salts?
salt chlorides
what does sulfuric acid make when naming salts?
salt sulfates
what does nitric acid make when naming salts?
salt nitrates
what does an acid and an alkali make?
acid + alkali = salt + water
what is an ionic equation?
it is an equation which shows the ions involved in the reaction seperated out with their charges
what is a spectator ion?
it is an ion which appears on both sides of the ionic equation unchanged
what is the concentration of a solution expressed in?
it is expressed in moles per litre (mol l-1)
what does n, c, v stand for in concentration equations?
n= number of moles c= concentration (mol l-1) v= volume (litres)
how would you turn cm3 into litres?
divide it by 1000
how would you turn litres into cm3?
multiply it by 1000
what is a standard solution?
it is a solution whose concentration is known accurately
what is knowing the exact concentration of solution important for?
carrying out calculations involving that solution
What is a solution?
it is a mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent
How do you prepare a standard solution?
• accurately weigh the substance in a small beaker • add a small volume of deionised water and stir to dissolve • transfer to a standard flask along with the washings from the other • make up to the mark carefully using distilled water • invert several times to mix thoroughly
what is the best way to weigh something?
weigh the container empty, then weigh the container with the sample, and then subtract one from the other
what is a volumetric titration?
it is an experiment in which the volumes of reacting liquids are accurately measured
what is used to measure the acid and alkali in acid/alkali titrations?
alkali is measured with a pipette and the acid is measured with a burette
what do neutralisation reactions produce?
soluble salts
what are insoluble salts made in?
a reaction called precipitation
when can a precipitation reaction be identified?
it can be identified when soluble reactants make an insoluble product