Lecture 21 - Redox 1 - Oxidation
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Define oxidation and reduction based on electrons.
Oxidation Is Loss Reduction Is Gain
Define redox/ oxidation and reduction in terms of oxidation
oxidation = gain in oxygen reduction = loss of oxygen
Define redox/ oxidation and reduction in terms of hydrogen
oxidation = loss of hydrogen reduction = gain of hydrogen
What do oxidation levels depend upon?
Oxidation levels depend upon how many bonds there are to an electronegative atom.
What is the oxidation level of ethane?
0
What is the oxidation level of ethanol?
1 - there is one bond to an electronegative oxygen atom
What is the oxidation level of a ethanone?
2 - there is a double bond to electronegative oxygen
What is the oxidation level of ethanal?
3 - there is a double bond to electronegative oxygen and also a single bond to oxygen
What is the oxidation level of CO2?
4 - there are two double bonds to electronegative oxygen
If the oxidation levels increase in a reaction, what is happening?
oxidation
If the oxidation levels decrease in a reaction, what is happening?
reduction
What is the oxidation level of methanenitrile?
3 - has triple bond to electronegative nitrogen
Is the reaction from an acyl chloride to carboxylic acid oxidation? Explain why.
No. The oxidation level of acyl chloride is 3. The oxidation level of carboxylic acid is also 3. There is no change in the oxidation level therefore it is neither oxidation or reduction
Is this reaction oxidation, reduction or neither?
oxidation - loss of hydrogen atoms
How does the body convert primary alcohols (oxidation level 1) to aldehydes (oxidation level 2) to carboxylic acids (oxidation level 3)?
Primary alcohol to aldehyde = enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase/ oxidase Aldehyde to carboxylic acid = enzyme aldehyde dehydrogenase / oxidase
In the lab, what can we oxidise primary alcohols into?
aldehydes and carboxylic acids
How can we oxidise primary alcohols into aldehydes? Name and draw the structure of the oxidant.
• PPC a mild oxidant • pyridinium chlorochromate.
How can we oxidise primary alcohols into carboxylic acids?
strong oxidant - acidified potassium manganate - KMnO4 OR acidified potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7
How can we oxidise aldehydes into carboxylic acids?
strong oxidant - acidified potassium manganate - KMnO4 OR acidified potassium dichromate K2Cr2O7
Secondary alcohols can be converted into….
ketones
What oxidant do we use to convert secondary alcohols to ketones?
mild or strong - it doesn’t matter because ketones cannot be further oxidised.
Can tertiary alcohols be oxidised?
NO
Alkenes can be oxidised into alcohols. Write/draw the dihydrolation reaction.
