Chapter 13: The Micronutrients: Vitamins and Minerals
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Define vitamins.
organic compounds needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate body processes
How are enzyme reactions affected by vitamins?
Enzyme reactions are slowed or stopped and body processes impaired if vitamins are missing
Define fat-soluble vitamins.
Have a nonpolar molecular structure and dissolve in fats and oils
Define water-soluble vitamins.
Are polar and dissolve in water and water-based liquids
Name the fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins.
Fat: A, D, E, K Water: B vitamins, C
Name 5 functions of vitamin A.
– aids in night vision – maintains healthy skin and internal lining of lungs and digestive tract – ensures proper immune system function – ensures production and regulation of hormones – breaks down bone for reshaping during growth
What are the 2 basic forms of vitamin A found in food?
• Retinol (active form) - Beta-carotene (precursor for retinol)
Name sources of retinol.
liver, eggs, butter, milk, and cheese
Name sources of B-carotene.
found in orange and dark green fruits and vegetables
How can vitamin D be made by the body?
with the help of the vitamin D precursors cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol
What is the function of Vitamin D?
teams with other nutrients to regulate calcium levels and form bones and teeth
Name sources of vitamin D.
butter, cream, egg yolks, and fatty fish and by exposing the skin to sunlight
How does vitamin E prevent damage to body tissue?
an important antioxidant that quickly reacts with oxygen, preventing damage to body tissues
Name sources of vitamin E.
vegetable oils, whole grains, avocados, nuts, and seeds
What is the function of vitamin K?
necessary for production of proteins involved in blood clotting
What is vitamin K produced by?
bacteria in the intestines
Where is vitamin K found?
liver and dark leafy greens
Which vitamins cannot be stored in the body? Why?
• Water soluble - Since they dissolve in water
Why is it impossible to overdose on water-soluble vitamins?
Since excess quantities are excreted in urine
What is the function of vitamins from the B-complex?
act as coenzymes in reactions throughout the body
Where are B vitamins found?
Leafy greens, legumes, pork, whole grains, eggs, fish, and milk
What is the function of vitamin B1?
Helps nerve and muscle functions
What is the function of vitamin B2?
promotes healthy skin and eyesight
What is the function of vitamin B3?
keeps the skin and nervous system healthy and promotes normal digestion