Lecture 18
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what is the tradeoff with incubation?
tradeoff between few long recesses and many short recesses because rewarming eggs takes a lot of energy
parents do not only insulate eggs, but instead use what?
conduction between eggs and own body to control egg temperature
Transfer of heat to eggs is faciliated by what?
brood patch
whats a method that mallee fowl and brush turkeys use instead of incubation from themselves?
moundbuilders! pile up vegetation heated by fermenting vegetation. Lay clutch of eggs. Test temperature every now and then
is it now thought that incubation costs energy?
yes! costs more than basal metabolic rate! additionally cost with reduced time to forage
Ability to leave eggs depends on what?
climate, predation pressure and number of parents
length of incubation bouts may vary with what?
body contion, or with ambient temperature.
what would be the difference in reccess during mid day of nests covered by vegetation (shaded) vs bare? white ptarmigan
bare would not take recesses during mid day whereas shaded ones did.
whats the benefit of biparental incubation?
allows nearly constant attendance, allows the parents tto forage for themselves in alternating shifts and keep up their body condition
what bird is an extreme example of female only incubation with males feeding them?
hornbill
what is the disadvantage with an increase in number of visitation to the nests?
attracts predators!
why do tropics have higher nest predation risk then temprate?
more predators in tropics
Incubation feeding rates are higher at what nests?
cavity type nests
Ptarmigan took more recesses as what started to decline during incubation
their body conditions
what happened when they gave 5 diff species a stuffed hawk or squirrel?
change in incubation feeding, signficantly dropped. So they are awarre of the risks
species with more vulnerable nest sites responded what way to increased predation risk?
more strongly. They decreased incubation feeding and increased nest attentiveness
Do energetic demands constrain incubation scheduling in a biparental species?
yes, tested on sandpipers! suggests sandpipers would be more attentive to nests if they could but are forced to take recesses because of their own loss of energy. As well they increased when they could and took less trade offs with bi parent because this reduced predation attention
in long lived ancient murrelets the incubation shift was correlated with what?
correlated between pair members. If the females had a short shift, so would the male
In ancient murrelets what were the 2 main important factors that deterined foraging behaviour?
wind and tide height.
what is the difference between a small bird incubation recesses and a long lived bird?
passerines are often off the nest much ore frequently throuhgout the day. short and rapid visists
Incubation period:
The time required for the embryo to develop
incubation period is related to what?
egg size and development. Precocial takes longer and larger eggs take longer.
whats the tradeoff between hatching precoially vs long incubation period?
long risk of exposure of the eggs to predation
is there a positive or negative correlation between relative egg mass and embryonic period?
positive