chemical bonding
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Define chemical bonding.
The process where atoms combine to form molecules through attractive forces.
What are the two main types of chemical bonds?
Ionic bonds and covalent bonds.
True or false: Ionic bonds involve the sharing of electrons.
FALSE Ionic bonds form through the transfer of electrons between atoms.
Fill in the blank: Covalent bonds involve the _______ of electrons.
sharing
What is an ionic bond?
A bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Define covalent bond.
A bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
True or false: Metallic bonds allow electrons to move freely.
TRUE This property contributes to conductivity and malleability in metals.
What is a polar covalent bond?
A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally between atoms.
Fill in the blank: Electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract _______.
electrons
What is the octet rule?
Atoms tend to bond in a way that gives them eight valence electrons.
Define valence electrons.
Electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that participate in bonding.
True or false: Hydrogen bonds are stronger than covalent bonds.
FALSE Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent and ionic bonds.
What is a hydrogen bond?
A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom.
Fill in the blank: Lewis structures represent _______ and bonds in molecules.
valence electrons
What is a dipole moment?
A measure of the separation of positive and negative charges in a molecule.
Define bond length.
The average distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms.
True or false: Triple bonds are stronger than double bonds.
TRUE Triple bonds involve three pairs of shared electrons.
What is a coordinate covalent bond?
A bond formed when one atom donates both electrons to a shared pair.
Fill in the blank: Sigma bonds are formed by _______ overlap of orbitals.
head-on
What is a pi bond?
A bond formed by the side-to-side overlap of p orbitals.
Define bond energy.
The energy required to break one mole of a bond in a compound.
True or false: Network covalent solids have low melting points.
FALSE They have high melting points due to strong covalent bonds.
What is the VSEPR theory?
A model used to predict the geometry of molecular structures based on electron repulsion.
Fill in the blank: Intermolecular forces are attractions between _______.
molecules