Respiratory System
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What is ventilation?
moving air in and out of lungs
What is the conduction zone?
area of lungs designed only for ventilation and not gas exchange
Describe the conduction zone.
air goes from pharynx past larynx into trachea and then to right/left primary bronchi, which branch into bronchioles
Describe the cells in the trachea.
cells secrete mucus to trap dirt and dust, and also have cilia to sweep dirty mucus out of the system
What are alveoli?
bubbles of tissue where gas exchange takes place
How do the two gases exchange from blood to alveoli?
passive diffusion, because both are hydrophobic (lipid soluble) and they just move down concentration gradients
Why is there steam when we blow on a mirror?
because there is a fair amount of water exhaled with CO2
Where do the CO2 and water come from?
waste products of the Krebs cycle
What are the two systems that can regulate blood pH?
respiratory system, renal system
Does CO2 dissolve in plasma?
not well, because it is hydrophobic
So, what happens to CO2 when it tries to dissolve in plasma?
converted to carbonic acid and then bicarbonate ion, which dissolve in plasma
What if the pH gets too acidic?
breathe faster to get rid of more CO2
What is the pH gets too basic?
breathe slowly so that acidity will bring down pH
What is the primary muscle of the lung?
diaphragm
What is the shape of the diaphragm when relaxed?
curves up under lungs
What is the shape of the diaphragm when contracted?
flattens out and increases size of chest cavity
What happens when the chest cavity increases in volume?
creates decrease in air pressure, which sucks air in (called inspiration)
What is expiration?
when the diaphragm relaxes, it decreases volume and increases air pressure, which forces air out
What controls breath rate?
medulla oblongata
What are the two major groups of organs of the digestive system?
alimentary canal, accessory organs
What is the alimentary canal?
long, muscular tube that begins at mouth and ends at anus
List the organs of the alimentary canal (in order).
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon, rectum, anus
What is peristalsis?
rhythmic contractions that push food down to stomach
What are accessory organs?
play a role in digestion but are not part of the alimentary canal