Acids and bases
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What can acids be neutralised by?
Metal hydroxides (alkalis) Metal oxides Metal carbonates
What is always produced during neutralisation?
A salt and water and a metal carbonate produces CO2(g) as well
What is a salt formed from?
Positive ion of the base and the negative ion of the acid E.g. SODIUM hydroxide + hydroCHLORIC acid —> sodium chloride + water
What can a titration be used for?
Calculate experimentally the concentration of an acid or alkali. At the end point the number of moles of the H+ ions must equal the number of moles of the OH- ions. Number of acid moles = number of alkali moles
q What do some acids / alkalis have more than one of? Therefore…
H+/OH- ions PVC acid = PVC alkali P =number of H+ or OH- ions
Titrations are repeated until what…
Two results are concordant -they are within 0.2cm3 of eachother- an average of these Is then calculated to get the average titre
Chemical formula for hydrochloric acid?
HCl
Chemical formula for sulfuric acid?
H2SO4
Chemical formula for nitric acid?
HNO3
How can we check if a solution is an acid or alkali?
use universal indicator -universal indicator changes the colour of the solution depending wether or no it is an act or an alkali -
What pH range does acids have?
1-6 red/orange
pH of neutral
7 pale green
pH range of alkalis
8-14 green/blue
Definition of pH
pH is a number which indicates how acidic or alkaline a substance is
Strongest acid and alkaline pH
Acid:1 Alkaline:14
How are some common acids made
Some common acids are made by dissolving non metal oxides in water
What acids when dissolved in water in the atmosphere cause acid rain
Carbon oxide Sulfur Nitrogen
How are alkalis formed
by dissolving soluble metal oxides
What is the ionic formula of hydrochloric acid
H+(aq)+Cl-(aq)
What is the ionic formula of sulphuric acid
2H+(aq) + S42-(aq)
What is the ionic formula of nitric acid
H+(aq)+NO3-(aq)
What will happen if water is added to an acid
the pH will increase
What will happen if water is added to an alkaline
the pH will decrease
What is special about acidic solutions
all acidic solutions are ionic and thus they can conduct electricity when they dissolve in water