Krewski & Rainham
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Sources of variation in exposure assessment
Factors or reasons why pollution concentrations vary These factors may include urban/rural differences, decreasing latitude, temperature inversion events and traffic sources from commuting
Particle composition in exposure assessment
Assessment of the chemical makeup of particle pollution Composition will vary from place to place and with the source of pollution
Source apportionment in exposure assessment
Identification of pollution origin, usually based on the chemical signature of particles Using source apportionment assists with the identification of pollution sources in indoor environments from outdoor sources, or the source of pollution associated with different weather patterns
Temporal trends in exposure assessment
Assessment of the pollution and health relationship over periods of time Pollution concentrations are time and location dependent: seasonality, timing of high traffic volumes Long term datasets are also used in pollution forecast modeling
Who is most at risk from air pollution?
Children and elderly
Biomarkers
Used to improve assessments of biological plausibility in the relationship between air pollutants and human health effects
Clara-cell proteins
Identified as sensitive markers of increased permeability of the lung epithelial barrier, and an increase in serum levels has been associated with ambient ozone concentrations
Genotoxic chemicals
Able to cause damage to DNA but do not inevitably lead to the creation of cancerous cells
Time series studies
Evidence of associations between air pollution and human health impacts is derived primarily from this type of study