C2 - Experimental techniques

A liquid in which a solid dissolves

dissolved solid

Separate mixtures of insoluble solids and liquids and to purify impure solids

Apparatus: Funnel, filter paper, glass rod, beaker, stand and mixture. Steps: Pour the beaker of mixture into the funnel The liquid will filter from the solid and be collected in a beaker. The insoluble solid trapped at the top is called residue

to separate mixtures of solid dissolved in liquid

Apparatus: Tripod, bunsen burner, heat proof mat, mixture, evaporating basin. Steps: The heat mixture so the solvent evaporates crystals of dissolved solute will form

to separate a mixture of liquids by using their different boiling points

ApparatusTemperature stick, bong, flask, solution, tripod, bunsen burner, heatproof mat, liebig condenser and beaker. Steps: Mixture is heated until the liquid with lowest boiling point boils. The vapor is collected then condensed on the cold surface of the condenser and then the gas turns back to liquid to be collected in the beaker.

when liquids being distilled have similar boiling points and a fractionating column is used to produce a large surface area for condensation meaning more purer fractions.

distillation and filtration

simple distillation is separating mixture of liquids with a relatively big gap of temperatures. Fractional distillation is used when liquids have similar boiling points which simple distillation cannot separate them completely.

Time: Stopwatch Temperature: thermometer Mass: Balance or scale Volume of liquids: burettes, pipettes and measuring cylinders

separate solutions or liquids that are mixed together

Apparatus: Water, ink, a piece of paper, beaker, pencil and splint Steps: Mark the black ink with a X. As the water rises up the paper the different dyes travel different distances

it compares the distance a substance has travelled up a filter paper with the distance travelled by the solvent

distance moved by a substance from the baseline / Distance moved by the solvent from the baseline

height reached by solvent

using heat to find the temperature at which they melt or boil at. An impure solid will have a lower melting point than a pure solid A liquid containing a dissolved solid will have a higher boiling point than pure

• filtration • crystallization • simple and fractional distillation • chromotography