Intro to OC

sp orbitals have the highest % of s character, which forms the shortest and strongest bond, effective orb overlap is the highest, thus strength of bond is highest

same molecular structure, different structural formula(chain, positional, fn grp, cis-trans,enantiomerism)

1) C-C bond must have restriction rotation of bond 2) 2 diff grps/atoms bonded to each C atom 3) rings: must have 8 or more carbon atoms to avoid ring strain

cis has ↑ BP than trans -both molecules have SMS -↑energy is req to overcome the pdpd int b/w polar cis molecules than the weaker idid b/w non polar trans molecules

trans has ↑ MP than cis -both molecules have SMS -trans molecule has a higher symmetry, can pack ↑ closely in its lattice structure than cis -↑energy is req to overcome the ↑extensive idid int in trans molecule

2^(m+n), m= no. of C=C that fulfils CT n= no. of chiral centres

stereoisomers that are mirror images of eo and are non superimposable on eo

1) has a non superimposable mirror image(do not give the same structure when placed on top of eo) 2) has no internal plane of symmetry 3) has a chiral centre

-equal proportions of + and - enantiomers -both enantiomers rotate PPL in opposite directions by the same extent -no net rotation of PPL -optically inactive

has more than 1 chiral centre and an internal plane of symmetry

2^m -1

-internal plane of symmetry present -each chiral carbon will rotate PPL by the same angle in different directions -no net rotation of PPL - optically inactive

The σ bond is formed by the head-on overlap of the sp2 hybrid orbitals on each C atom The π bond is formed by side-on overlap of the unhybridised p-orbital on each C atom

-proximity of -OH groups allow for the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonds -thus compound has less extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonding -hence BP is lower since less energy is required to overcome the less extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonding

There is restricted rotation at C=C bond and each C of the C=C bond is bonded to 2 different groups. Hence there are 2 different compounds

-Have diff arrangement of atoms in 3D space → have diff binding properties to chiral binding sites in the body such as enzymes and receptors

Molecules that have same structural formula but different spatial arrangements

It has 2 bulky groups far from each other, making it ↑ stable due to ↓steric hindrance

Meso compound has ↓MP as its molecules are ↓closely packed compared to enantiomers where only 1 enantiomer is present