Transcription & Translation
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Beadle and Tatum
One gene, one protein theory
Nirenberg
amino acids are coded by all 64 codons
Degenerate code
Some amino acids have multiple codons
Wobble pairing
Third letter in codon is variable
Transcription
DNA -> RNA
Template strand versus coding strand
Template strand is read to synthesize DNA Coding strand contains exact sequence for mRNA except with uracil
RNA Polymerase 
Enzyme synthesizes primary RNA transcript from template DNA strand
Transcription initiation
RNA identifies specific starting DNA codon
Transcription Elongation
Ribonucleotide added to 3’ end
Transcription termination
RNA polymerase stops when it encounters terminating stop codon
mRNA
Messenger RNA Carries DNA code for protein
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA Composes ribosome 
tRNA
Transfer RNA Carries amino acids to ribosome for translation 
Signal recognition particle
Composed of RNA and protein Guides mRNA to rough ER
Holenzyme
Core polymerase plus sigma for elongation
Transcriptional unit
Extends from promoter to terminator
Transcription bubble
RNA polymerase DNA template strand Growing RNA Moves at 50 nucleotides per second
Methylation
Tightly packs nucleosomes Nucleosome is DNA wrapped around histone No genes expressed
Histone acetylation
Add acetyl group Nucleosomes loosely packed Allows genes to be expressed
Enhancer
DNA sequence promotes transcription Composed of distal control elements
Two genes can share a promoter, but must have different what?
Distal control elements
Lac Operon
Expressed in lactose is present and glucose is absent
DNA binding motifs
Regions of regulatory proteins that bind to DNA
RNA polymerase I
rRNA