3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry
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What is the empirical formula?
The simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
What is the molecular formula?
The actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
What is the display formula?
A structure which shows all the atoms and bonds in a molecule
What is the structural formula?
A structure which shows the relative positions of the atoms in a molecule but DOES NOT show any bonds
What is a functional group?
A reactive group which is attached to a hydrocarbon chain
What is a homologous series?
A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but a different chain length
What is the general formula?
A formula that represents all members of a homologous eg CnH2n+2
What is the skeletal formula?
Only bonds between carbon atoms and other atoms are shown As well as other elements drawn on Carbon and hydrogen atoms are not shown Bonds between carbon and hydrogen are not shown
What 3 lines are used in 3D formula?
Solid - bond in plane Wedge - bond towards you Dash - bond retreating away from you
Functional group and naming of alkanes?
C-C Ethane
Functional group and naming of alkene?
C=C Ethene
Functional group and naming of alcohols?
O-H Ethanol
Functional group and naming of ketone?
C=O (in the middle) Propanone
Functional group and naming of aldehyde?
C=O (CHO) | H Propanal
Functional group and naming of carboxylic acid?
C=O (COOH) | O-H Ethanoic acid
Functional group and naming of halogenoalkanes?
R-Hal or R-X F - Fluoro Cl - Chloro Br - Bromo I - Iodo
How do you name more than one functional group?
2 - Di 3 - Tri 4 - Tetra
How can we tell the position of a functional group, addition or double bond?
Add numbers before the words and choose the smallest option (you can flip the molecule)
What is used in between numbers and words?
A hyphen -
What order does naming use?
Alphabetical
When naming what takes priority?
Double bonds
What always goes on carbon 1?
The aldehyde and acid group
What should you look out for and beware of when naming molecules?
Look out for the longest carbon chain Beware the bent molecule
How do you name a ‘circular’ molecule?
Cyclo -