Exam 2

• 2 kcal/g in carbohydrates • 65 kcal/g in lipids • 4 kcal/g in proteins

Saturated Fats- all bonds in this fatty acid are single bonded. Chain is relatively straight Unsaturated Fats- one bond in this fatty acid is double or triple bonded. Chain has a bend Polyunsaturated Fats- multiple bonds in this fatty acid are double or triple bonded

Triaglycerol- a glyceride that has 3 fatty acid chains

Triglyceride- to store energy in the body, is fats in animals and oil in plants Linoleic Acid- to act as structure in the cell membrane Linolenic Acid- to prevent heart diseases Arachidonic Acid- necessary in synthesis Phospholipids- to form structure in the cell membranes Steroids- to act as hormones and to provide structure in animal cell membranes

Macrominerals are required by the body in 100 ppm. The macrominerals are Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, and Chloride. Microminerals are required by the body in less than 100 ppm. The microminerals are Iron, Selenium, and Copper.

The first group of macrominerals are Calcium, Phosphorous, and Magnesium. They are located within the bones and teeth The other group of macrominerals are Sodium, Chloride, and Potassium, the electrolytes. They are found in blood, urine, tissues, and other bodily fluids.

It uses ATP to transfer out 3 Na out of the cell in exchange for 2 K to maintain concentration gradient

Fe- hemoglobin (carries O2 in blood), myoglobin (carries O2 to muscles), cytochrome (mitochondrial membrane protein used in ATP production) Cu- Fe absorption and storage, hair and wool growth, and collagen and elastin synthesis Se- enzymes in tissues, pancreatic lipase

Fe- deficiency (amenia) can decrease the number of healthy blood cells and cause birth defects. Toxicity can lead to genetic disorders Cu- deficiency can cause amenia, ataxia, a decrease in hair and wool quality, and heart muscle weakness. Toxicity can lead to jaundice and could turn the blood pink Se- deficiency can lead to muscle disease. Toxicity can lead to night blindness

A vitamin is a nutrient that is A) essential, B) organic, C) contained in foods, and D) not synthesized by animals in sufficient amounts Vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat soluble. Vitamins B and C are water soluble. Vitamin B has 3 sub vitamins. They are Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), and Niacin (B3)

Fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are solubilized into micelles and are absorbed in the small intestine Water soluble vitamins (B1 (Thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B3 (Niacin), C) are absorbed in the small intestine through active tranpsort

Vitamin A- found in meat and milk. Can also be formed from splitting beta-carotene Vitamin D- found in plants as ergosterol and animals as dehydrocholesterol Vitamin E- found in green plants (chloroplasts) and oils, but trace amounts can be found animal fats Vitamin K- found in green plants (chloroplasts) and oils, but trace amounts can be found animal products

(Vitamin B is produced by bacteria therefore ruminants and hind-gut fermenters do not need to work about their daily intake) Vitamin B1, Thiamin- found in yeast, unpolished grains, and pork Vitamin B2, Riboflavin- found in leafy greens, milk, and meat Vitamin B3, Niacin- found in yeast, meat, and unprocessed grains Vitamin C- unboiled fruits and vegetables, tea leaves, berries, guava, rose hips, and organ meat

Vitamin A- to compose rods and cones in the retina as well promote epithelial cell growth Vitamin D- to increase the function increases Ca/P synthesis as well as aid the immune system in fighting bacteria and viruses Vitamin E- to act as an antioxidant that decreases cell membrane breakdown and is necessary in neuromuscular function Vitamin K- to form blood clots

Vitamin B1, Thiamin- to be used for energy metabolism (a pyruvate dehydrogenase coenzyme) as well as neuromuscular effects Vitamin B2, Riboflavin- to be a coenzyme for: ATP production, vitamin conversion enzymes, fatty acid oxidation enzyme, and pyruvate hydrogenase Vitamin B3, Niacin- to synthesize the coenzymes NAD and NADP Vitamin C- to be a coenzyme for: electron transport, collagen synthesis, antioxidants, steroid synthesis, and possibly the immune system

Deficiency Vitamin K- bleeding to death from small cuts Vitamin B- anorexia Vitamin B2, Riboflavin- unthrift and low weight gain Vitamin B3, Niacin- decrease growth and skin & intestinal damage Vitamin C- scurvy Toxicity Vitamin A- skin problems such as eczema or alopecia Vitamin B3, Niacin- flushing in the face and gastrointestinal pain Vitamin E is the least toxic

Calcium is a bone structure mineral and it can be found in bones and teeth. Dietary sources of are: alfalfa hay, meant & bonemeal, fishmeal, milk & milk byproducts, blackstrap molasses, citrus pulp, soybean meal, bone meal, dicalcium phosphate, and limestone. The function of calcium is muscle contraction, the formation of egg shells, and milk production. Calcium deficiency can cause abnormal muscle development (rickets and osteomalacia) and muscle tetany (“milk fever”). Calcium toxicity can cause the blockage of Zn absorption in pigs.

Phosphorous is a bone structure mineral and it can be found in bones and teeth. Dietary sources of phosphorous are: meat meal, fish meal, poultry byproducts, distillers’ soluble, wheat bran, whey, soybean oil meal, dicalcium phosphate, bone meal, and monosodium phosphate. The function of phosphorous is to be component of: ATP, enzymes, DNA, RNA, and phospholipids. Phosphorous deficiency can cause reproduction failure, pica (the craving of things with no nutrition), and rickets. Phosphorous toxicity can cause damage to kidney nephrons

Sodium is an electrolyte and it can be found in the blood, urine, tissues, and other bodily fluids. Dietary sources of sodium are: fish meal, meat meal, poultry byproducts, beet pulp with molasses, blackstrap molasses, beet molasses, whey, distillers’ soluble, table salt, and monosodium glutamate. The function of Sodium, along with the other electrolytes, is to maintain blood PH levels, Na/K ATPase

Potassium is an electrolyte and it can be found in the blood, urine, tissues and other bodily fluids. Dietary sources are: forages, blackstrap molasses, beet molasses, soybean byproducts, whey, carrots, tomato pomace, potassium chloride, potassium gluconate, and dried kelp. The function of potassium, along with the other electrolytes, is to maintain pH levels in the body and Na/K ATPase.

Bile clusters around lipids and form micelles. By forming micelles, it allows the small intestine to absorb the fat more easily. Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

Pancreatic lipase hydrolyzes triglyceride into 2 free fatty acids and a monoglyceride

Hydrophobic lipids travel through the blood as as lipoproteins, either Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL (in order lowest protein to highest)

Rumen microbes add hydrogenate unsaturated fats. The rumen microbes do this to change unsaturated fats into saturated fats.