lec 4

• Mutation • Independent assortment • recombination

• Both parents will mix irreversibly Once its mixed, there’s no way to get them back

• A change in the DNA sequence (permanent) • Mutations can be: neutral, beneficial or deleterious • Happens during DNA replication or repairing when wrong nucleotides are added • Rate of mutation is low because the cells usually do their jobs right

• Mutation in inevitable • Organism can/cant choose to have mutation • Environment can affect the mutation rate • certain environments can make a mutation more likely but it cant make a specific mutation more likely to happen

• Point mutations Substituting a single nucleotide • insertion/deletion Adding or deleting a nucleotide Changes in repeat number • Repeat more/less times • inversion/chromosomal rearrangement Happens when theres a break in the chromosome and it is split into 2 When they try to sew it back together, sometime they switch the order

when theres a change in the nucleotide but it does not change the amino acid

• The different combinations of alleles • Creates genetic variation by combining different alleles together

• When the homologous pairs match, they will switch genetic material and create genetic diversity

• it is a range example: skin color

• categories example: flower color