Organic Synthesis
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Electrophilic addition Conc H3PO4 Catalyst Steam 60-70 ATM of pressure 200-450 degrees
Elimination Conc H2SO4 Catalyst Under Reflux
Hydrogenation H2 Nickel Catalyst
Elimination KOH Hot & Ethanoic Conditions
Electrophilic Addition HX (Where x = Halogen) 20 Degrees
Free Radical Substitution X2 (where x is a halogen) UV Light
(Don’t need at this level) Elimination XBr
Nucleophilic Substitution KOH Cold and Aqueous
Nucleophilic Addition (Reduction) NaBH4 or LiAlH4 Reducing agents
Oxidisation H+ or Acidified Potassium Dichromate
Oxidisation H+ or Acidified Potassium Dichromate
Esterification :OH - (alcohols) Strong Acid Catlayst
Esterification Acid Anhydride or Acyl Chloride String Acid catalyst
Nucleophilic Addition Elimination :OH- (alcohols)
Nucleophilic Addition Elimination (Hydrolysis) H2O
Nucleophilic Addition Elimination :NH3 or Amines
Nucleophilic Addition Elimination Acid Anhydride or Acyl Chloride
Nucleophilic Subsitiution KCN Aqueous Ethanoic Conditions
Nucleophilic Addition H2 Nickel Catalyst or LiAlH4
Nucleophilic Subsitution Excess Conc :NH3 Ethanoic Heat with Sealed System/Container
What is Organic Synthesis
Using reaction mechanisms to create a target molecule
Why is it preferable to create a molecule with as little steps as possible
To improve the % yield of the Product
What Could Cause the yield of an individual step to be low? (2)
Chemicals are lost when transferring between containers - some product could be left in the refraction mixture each time Incomplete/ reversible reactions
What are the two main dehydrating agents used?
Al2O3 (Vapours pass over it) Acid-Catalysed elimination (Strong acid catalysts)