Test 2
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What are the four types of tissues?
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nerve
Describe Epithelial tissue and list some functions and characteristics
Forms sheets that cover the body/cavities. functions: protection, gas exchange, nutrient & waste movement characteristics: free surface, thin, lack blood vessels, tightly packed cells
What is the difference between Simplified and Stratified Epithelium?
simplified: 1 layer Stratified: more than 1 layer
Give an example of squamous, cuboidal, and columnar simple epithelium.
squamous: lines lungs cuboidal: lines kidneys columnar: lines trachea or digestive tract
what are tissues?
a group of cells working together for a specific function
What are organs?
made of two or more different tissue types
what is an example of stratified epithelium?
epidermis
What are two types of glands? what are the differences between them?
Exocrine: connected to epithelium through passage ways. Secretes substances which go through ducts. Endocrine: separated from epithelium. Produces hormones which diffuses into capillaries.
What is the purpose of connective tissue? Describe the three types.
support and strengthen tissues. Loose: most abundant, supports tissues. eg: Fat Dense: tightly packed with collagen. eg: tendons Specialized: cells widely spaced. eg: cartilage
Describe muscle tissues and the three types.
long, thin cells. Skeletal: stimulated by nervous system. under micro: large cells, many nuclei, stripped/striated Cardiac: in heart only, spontaneous involuntary control under micro: striated, dark bands between cells, one nucleus per cell. Smooth: slow, involuntary contractions under micro: spindle shaped cells, one nucleus per cell.
What is nerve tissue?
makes us the brain, spinal cord and nerves
explain what neurons are and the four parts
generates electrical signals dendrites: receives signals Cell bodies: maintenance of cell Axons: conducts electrical signal Synaptic: transmits signal *Glial supports neurons
describe cellular communication.
signals transmitted from outside of the cell to the interior by receptors
what are signaling cells categorized by?
how far they travel
What are the three types of signalling molecules?
hormones: released by endocrine glands into circulatory system which are carried through the body. neurotransmitters: released by nerve cells local mediators: produced by cells and secreted in fluid which diffuses into nearby cells (paracrine) or itself (autocrine)
what is signaling transduction?
binding of signal molecule to receptor
what is a ligand?
a molecule that binds to another specific molecule.
how do drugs work?
drug interferes with receptor and neurotransmitter. neuron releases neurotransmitter which blocks the pump and gets pumped back, and stays longer which leads to higher than normal levels. neuron reduces amount of receptors
what are the 5 signaling molecule properties?
Specificity: high specific interactions High Affinity Binding: binds even at low concentrations Saturation Kinetics: cells have limited receptors so ligand should occupy all receptors Reversibility: fast binding which is reversible Pysiological response: binding should trigger respsonse