evolution & classification

lack of O2, less oxidation, high concentration of methane, CO2, temperatures, ultraviolet light penetration

phospholipid bilayers make small membrane enclosed areas with diff internal chem compared to environment

3 domains of life: archae, bacteria, and eukaryotes representative of an ancient community of organisms

^12 C, ^13 C, ^14 C

^12 C

molecular fossils of organisms and other compounds

structures created by cyanobacteria living in shallow water

accumulation of nitrogen base/aa sequence to estimate when clades diverged from a common ancestor

development of different adaptations in species similar to each other

develop of similar adaptation due to similar selection pressures

structures that have lots much or all of their original function through evolution

structures of microbes/bacteria that are billions of years old that do photosynthesis

fundamental change in underlying assumptions

stabilizing

average individuals are favored

one trait is favored

2 traits are favored average individuals are rejected

same structure diff function

diff structure diff function

fossils appearing to be intermediates between species

rapid diversification of single ancestral line

when speciation occurs due to geographic isolation

multiple sets of chromosomes