Organic Separation Techniques (5/15)

Separates liquid mixtures by partitioning compounds between two liquid phases organic and aqueous phase (polar)

solutes with similar traits will separate based on density Can also give one of the molecules a charge, if possible, to put it into the aqueous phase

Molecules with one polar group for every 5 carbons is non-polar

adding a strong acid to an organic phase will allow it to go to aqueous or adding a base to an acid so it becomes negative and goes to aqueous

can be separated by adding a weak base and it will deprotonate the stronger acid so it can go to aqueous layer

easily transitions from liquid to the gas phase

process to separate liquids by boiling point, volatility, and vapor pressure

pressure exerted by molecules entering gas phase pressure increases as temperature increases pressure increases if more volatile (lower boiling point, more easily boiled)

polar= hydrogen bonding and have a higher boiling point size= larger means higher boiling point

separates liquids with boiling points 25 C apart or more (very different boiling points)

can separate liquids with closer boiling points

increases vertical distance vapor travels allows liquids to re-condense or re-vaporize

lower pressure with vacuum distillation so liquids boil at a lower temperature

have a lower vapor pressure

usually has a nonpolar mobile phase so nonpolar travels further than polar

Rf value

Separates components of a mixture based on size large goes first

electrostatic interactions Cation: negative charge stationary phase (traps positive molecules) Anion: positive charge stationary phase (traps negative charge molecules)

ligands designed to bind specific compound sticks

gas: stationary phase

uses extremely high pressures nonpolar moves faster reverse phase: polar moves faster because mobile phase is polar

making more pure soluble at high temperature and insoluble at lower temperatures

a tiny crystal initiates crystallization process. if slow, scratch side of glass