1.2.Ultrastructure of Cells_Eukaryotes

Has nucleus. - A nucleus with a double membrane_that enclose DNA. In addition.. Eukaryotic cells tend to have_a variety of membrane bound organelles._ compartmentalization functions.

Both have DNA Both have Ribosomes Both have Cytoplasm Bothe have have Plasma membrane_ Phospholipid bi-layer.

• Membrane bound organelles • Mitochondria present. • 80s ribosomes • DNA is contained within the nucleus.

-Eukaryotic cells make up complex Eukaryotic organisms(animals, plants, fungi and algae) • Eukaryotic cells-larger eg. 10-100 micro m • Can be both single celled and multicellular. • Multiple linear chromosomes.

• Produce proteins. • Free ribosomes within the cytoplasm produce protein that will be used internally within the cell. Ribosomes attached to the rER produce proteins that will be secreted.

• Organelle found in most eukaryotic cells that processes and packages macromolecules such as proteins. • Proteins are usually modified for secretion out of the cell.

-Known as the control center of the cell. -The nucleus regulates cell activities through gene expression. Contains the majority of the cell’s DNA. -It is surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope, which has small nuclear pores to allow molecules to move in and out of the nucleus.

• Membrane-bound organelles that carry out aerobic cellular respiration to create ATP. • Contain highly folded inner membranes called cristae which increase the surface area to enhance the mitochondrion’s ability to produce ATP (oxidative phosphorylation takes place here). • Space enclosed by the inner membrane is called the matrix. This is where the Kreb’s cycle takes place. • Contain their own DNA genome.

Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Site of protein synthesis (attached ribosomes) for secretion out of the cell. • rER tubules are continuous with the outer layer of the nuclear envelope.

• Contains hydrolytic enzymes that digest worn-out organelles, food particles, and viruses or bacteria. • Formed from the Golgi apparatus. • Bounded by a single membrane.