Modern History
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What type of political system was the Russian Empire before 1917?
An autocracy where the Tsar had absolute power and ruled without democratic limits.
Who ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917?
The Romanov Dynasty
What characterised the Russian Empire politically?
Absolute rule by the Tsar No constitution until 1905 No elected parliament before the Duma Heavy censorship and secret police (Okhrana)
What were key social features of the Russian Empire?
Huge peasant population (~80%) Small industrial working class Large gap between rich and poor
Who was Nicholas II?
The last Tsar of Russia (1894–1917) and an absolute monarch who resisted political reform.
Why was Nicholas II considered a weak ruler?
Poor leadership Ignored political reform Relied on advisors Made disastrous decisions (e.g., wars, repression)
What were major political grievances in Russia?
No democracy Political repression Censorship Secret police surveillance
What were major economic grievances?
Poor working conditions Low wages Rapid industrialisation Frequent strikes
What were major social grievances?
Poverty among peasants Lack of land Poor living conditions in cities Inequality between classes
What does autocrat mean?
A ruler with complete and unlimited political power.
What belief supported Nicholas II’s rule?
Divine Right of Kings – the belief that the Tsar was chosen by God.
How did Nicholas II respond to opposition?
Repression Use of secret police Military force Limited reforms only when pressured
Name three main political opposition groups in Russia.
Liberals (wanted constitutional monarchy) Socialists (wanted workers’ revolution) Revolutionaries (wanted to overthrow the Tsar)
What was the goal of liberal groups like the Kadets?
A constitutional monarchy and democratic reforms.
Why did Russia fight Japan?
Control of Manchuria and Korea.
Why was the war important for Russian history?
Russia’s defeat weakened the Tsar and increased unrest, helping trigger the 1905 Revolution.
What happened on Bloody Sunday?What happened on Bloody Sunday?
Peaceful protestors marching to the Winter Palace were shot by soldiers.
Why was Bloody Sunday significant?
It destroyed the image of the Tsar as the “Little Father” and sparked nationwide protests and strikes. Gave him the nickname of “Bloody Nicholas”
What caused the 1905 Revolution?
Bloody Sunday War defeat Economic hardship Worker strikes and peasant revolts
What groups protested in 1905?
Workers Peasants Students Soldiers Political activists
What was the October Manifesto?
document issued by Nicholas II promising: Civil liberties Creation of a Duma (parliament)
Why did Nicholas II introduce the October Manifesto?
To stop the 1905 Revolution and calm protests.
What were the Fundamental Laws?
Laws that limited the power of the Duma and kept the Tsar in control.
Why were the Fundamental Laws controversial?
They undermined the promises of the October Manifesto.