4.1 & 2

A series of organic compounds having the same functional group with each successive member differing by CH2

A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound

A compound containing carbon and hydrogen joined together in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings

An aliphatic compound arranged in a ring or without side chains

A compound containing a benzene ring

Single carbon-carbon bonds only

The presence of multiple carbon-carbon bonds, including double and triple carbon bonds and aromatic rings

Compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulae

In terms of each bonding atom, receiving one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals

In terms of one bonding atom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair

A species with an unpaired electron

Saturated hydrocarbons containing single C-C and C-H bonds as sigma-bonds (with free rotation)

Overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms

Covalent bonds are formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals

There is free rotation around these sigma bonds

Branched alkanes cannot pack together as well as linear alkanes Less surface area of contact So induced dipoles are less strong Lower bp

Due to their high bond enthalpy Not attracted to nucleophiles or electrophiles C-C and C-H bonds are non polar No partial charge anywhere

Tetrahedral

Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing a double carbon bond comprising a pi-bond (restricted rotation) and a sigma-bond

Sideways overlap of adjacent p-orbitals above and below the bonding C atoms

Trigonal planar

Stem, position of double bond, suffix

Same structural formula but diff. arrangement of atoms in space

Stereoisomer Results from restricted rotation about the double bond Requires 2 diff. groups to be attached to each carbon atom in the C=C group