DNA and Genetics

Nucleotides (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine) Double Helix Sugar Phosphate Backbone

Ribonucleic Acid Single Strand Structure AUGC

Rosalind Franklin took photo 51 which provided evidence for the double helix Watson proposed the structure and introduced the base pairing concept. He also co-authored with Crick on a 1953 paper describing the structure. Crick’s background in physics helped to interpret the data, and he collaborated with Watson Wilkins shared Franklin’s data with them and was awarded alongside them the Nobel Prize in 1962

• Helicase unzips the DNA strand at the origin (multiple in eukaryotes and singular in prokaryotes) • Topoisomerase stops the strands from supercoiling, and SSB proteins bind the strands to prevent them from joining • Primase places RNA primers on both strands • DNA polymerase builds the new strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction on the leading strand which runs antiparallel to the lagging strand. • ON the lagging strand, a sequence of polymerase and primer is created due to it running in the 5’ to 3’ direction. These are known as OKAZAKI fragments. • Primer replaced with DNA bases after polymerase done building the strand • Ligase fills the gaps • Once both strands are done it is called semi-conservative as both strands have an original and replicated part.

Ensures preservation and prevents mutations, passes on the genetic code that directs the synthesis of proteins meaning an exact copy ensures proper cellular function.

A change in the DNA sequence of a cell in an organism.

Silent Missense Nonsense Frameshift

Change does not have an impact on the sequence

Alters code in a way that produces different amino acids at that position - the protein is made but it doesn’t function

An incomplete protein is made and it cannot function

Code is jumbled, protein cannot be made or the wrong one is made

Membrane-enclosed organelle that contains chromosomes Envelope - double membrane that encloses it Nucleolus - Where ribosome synthesis occurs Chromatin - contains the genetic information of a cell

Jelly-like substance within a cell that encompasses all organelles except the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell.

Powerhouse where ATP, energy, produced through cellular respiration. it ahs a double membrane with inner folds called cristae.

Where photosynthesis occurs. Double membraned and contains stacks of thylakoids which contain chlorophyll

Smooth: Lacks ribosomes, synthesises lipids, and detoxifies toxins Rough: Embedded with ribosomes, synthesises proteins

Site of protein synthesis. Made out of rRNA and are bound to either rough ER or suspended in the cytoplasm.

Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for delivery to other organelles. Flattened, membrane-bound sacs

Contains digestive enzymes that break down cell waste.

Transports materials inside the cell, small membrane-bound structure

Storage, disposes waste, maintain hydrostatic pressure.

Centrosomes contain centrioles where spindle fibres develop in cell division.

Thread-like structures composed of DNA and proteins that carry genes. Located in the nucleus of Eukaryotic cells.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid - contains instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms.