Intro to organic Chemistry and Alkanes
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What are hydrocarbons?
Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen.
What are saturated compounds?
Compounds only containing single bonds.
What are alkanes?
Saturated hydrocarbons with only C-C and C-H single bonds.
What is the general formula of alkanes?
CnH2n+2
How is the stem of the alkane name determined?
By the number of carbon atoms.
What is a straight chain alkane?
An unbranched chain of carbon atoms.
What is the bond angle in alkanes?
109.5 degrees.
What are the side chains in alkanes?
Carbon atoms not part of the longest chain.
How are the side chains named?
By how many carbons they have (methyl, ethyl, propyl, etc.)
How do you indicate the carbon a side chain is attached to?
By using a number before the name.
What order are multiple side chains written in?
Alphabetical order.
What are the prefixes for 1-10 carbons?
1- Meth 2- Eth 3- Prop 4- But 5- Pent 6- Hex 7- Hept 8- Oct 9- Non 10- Dec
What prefix is used when there are 2, 3 and 4 identical side chains.
2- Di 3- Tri 4- Tetra
What order do different side chains go in?
Alphabetical (ignoring prefixes like di, tri and tetra)
How do you number the chain?
So that side chains have the lowest possible numbers.
What are cycloalkanes?
Alkanes with carbon atoms attached arranged in a ring.
What is the general formula for cycloalkanes?
CnH2n
How are cycloalkanes named?
With the prefix cyclo, and suffix ane.
What are structural isomers?
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures.
What are chain isomers?
Same molecular formula, different carbon chain arrangement.
What are positional isomers?
Same molecular formula, functional group in different positions.
What are functional group isomers?
Same molecular formula, different functional groups.
How does boiling point change with chain length?
Boiling point increases as chain length increases(number of electrons increase) due to stronger van der Waals intermolecular forces.
What happens to boiling point with increased branching?
Boiling point decreases because there is less surface contact and therefore weaker van der Walls forces.