Module 2 - [ch2,3,4] (foundations in chemistry)
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Hydrochloric acid
HCl
Sulfuric acid
H₂SO₄
Nitric acid
HNO₃
ethanoic acid
CH₃COOH
bases
metal/alkali oxides metal hydroxides metal carbonates ammonia
what makes a chemical a base
can neutralise an acid to form a salt proton acceptor
what is an alkali
a base that dissolves in water group 1 metal hydroxides in solution they release hydroxide ion (OH~)
gain and loss of oxygen in terms of hydrogen too
gain - oxidation - removal of hydrogen loss - reduction - gain of hydrogen
what is a redox reaction
a reaction in which both oxidation and reduction occurs
what are spectator ions
ions that do not change during a reaction
define oxidation in terms of electron transfer and oxidation number
loss of electrons increase in oxidation number
define reduction in terms of electron transfer and oxidation number
gain of electrons decrease in oxidation number
oxidising agent
the chemical accepting the electrons is reduced
reducing agent
chemical that is donating the electrons
what do oxidation numbers tell you
how electrons are lost or gained in a reaction
what has oxidation number 0
pure elements
what is the oxidation number of fluorine
-1
what is the oxidation number of oxygen
-2 EXCEPT in peroxides -1 when reacted with fluorine +2
why is the oxidation number of oxygen bonded to fluorine +2
fluorine is electronegative enough to remove electrons from the oxygen
what is the oxidation number of the halogens
-1 can be positive if bonded to oxygen or fluorine
what is the oxidation number of hydrogen
+1 EXCEPT in metal hydrides -1
when an acid is added to water which ion is released into solution
H+ (proton)
define acid
proton donor
what is a strong acid
fully dissociates in aqueous solution releases all its H+ ions into solution