respiratory system

• respiratory system: driving force behind voicing; required for all sounds • laryngeal system: provides voicing through vocal fold vibration, only active for voiceless sounds • velopharyngeal system: responsible for whether air is released through nasal passages or not; active for non-nasals • articulatory system: makes us intelligible, allows us to produce our sounds

long trunk branching into bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli; C-shaped cartilage called tracheal rings, trachealis muscle in the back

2: right and left; right is straighter than left, making it more susceptible to aspiration bronchial tubes lined with mucosa to filter air

smaller and skinnier than bronchi; successive bifurcations, meaning they keep splitting; as tubes get narrower, air resistance increases; to ease this, tubes are shorter

air filled sacs surrounded by capillaries; thin-walls allow for easy exchange of gases; irregular in shape and hollow in center; increase surface area to optimize exchange of O2 and CO2

2 lungs, right and left; left lung has 2 lobes and a tongue-shaped lingula; right lung has 3 lobes and is larger and heavier but shorter, due to diaphragm pushing into it from being pushed up by the liver

dome-shaped muscle aiding breathing

gases move from areas of higher pressure to areas of lower pressure

inhale, ribs expand, bigger space in lungs meaning lower pressure, air rushes in, higher concentration of O2 in alveoli than in capillaries, O2 diffuses into capillaries, higher concentration of CO2 in capillaries than in alveoli, CO2 diffuses into alveoli, ribs descend, smaller space meaning higher pressure, air rushes out

increased number of alveoli and more vascular growth leading to more efficient intake of oxygen

external intercostals, diaphragm

none - external intercostals and diaphragm relax

abdominals and internal intercostals

resting expiratory level; point in respiratory cycle where forces of the lungs and ribcage are in balance; lungs want to shrink and ribcage wants to expand; due to pleural linkage, they balance each other out

controlling the descent of the ribcage to speak on a controlled amount of air

engage active inspiratory forces, external intercostals and diaphragm, to counteract passive expiratory forces

engage active expiratory forces, abdominals and internal intercostals, to counteract passive inspiratory forces

highly elastic lungs/high recoil; pliable, non-rigid ribcage - makes it difficult for baby to breathe

care more about predicted measures than absolute values; predicted measures are calculated based on gender, age, height, ethnicity; measures are reported as a % of predicted

total amount of air accessible for exchange; peak inspiration to peak expiration

amount of air exchanged in one respiratory cycle; quiet breathing, but can increase with exercise

amount of air that can be inhaled from peak tidal inspiration

amount of air that can be inhaled from REL

amount of air that can be exhaled from peak tidal expiration