Mod 2 Health and Disease

The health of Body, Mind & Spirit To be healthy is to be functioning normally – normality is statistical, and functions are biological.

regular exercise & recreation; a balanced (nutritious) diet no substance (smoking, alcohol, drugs) use/abuse adequate amount of sleep& rest regular medical check-ups stress free living.

Health is a state of complete physical, social and mental well-being and not just the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO, 1948)

Ensures a good quality of life for everyone. * Contributes to the economic and social stability of a country. * It is essential to sustainable development.

Physical: state in which each cell & all organs in the body are functioning at optimum capacity and in perfect harmony. Mental: (Intellectual): the ability to think clearly and coherently; well-adjusted to external environment and the ability to recognize reality and cope with the demands of daily life. Social: an acceptable level of social skills, social functioning, and the ability to see oneself as part of a larger society; the quality of your relationships with society

Complete state of health is unrealistic Health has evolved over the centuries from an individual concern to a worldwide social goal and encompasses the whole quality of life. Biomedical concept of health (absence of disease) was inadequate Ecological Concept was considered. * Health is a dynamic equilibrium between man and his environment. * Disease considered as a maladjustment of the human organism to the environment. * Good health implies the relative absence of pain and discomfort and a continuous adaptation and adjustment to the environment to ensure optimal function. Psychosocial Concept was considered. * Health is a biological and social phenomenon. * Influenced by social, psychological, cultural, economic, and political factors. * Health is a biological and social phenomenon.

Health is now an interrelationship between the social, physical, mental/intellectualspiritual, environmental & emotional factors which all contribute to a person’s well-being and quality of life.

Physical – normal functioning of the body – growth & physical maturation. Regular exercise, proper nutrition, and adequate rest contribute to maintaining good physical health. Mental/Intellectual – ability to think clearly and rationally. It includes cognitive processes, problem-solving skills, memory, and emotional regulation. Taking care of our mental health involves activities like learning, reading, and engaging in stimulating conversations. Emotional – ability to deal with one’s feelings, moods, anxiety, and stress. It’s about recognizing and managing emotions effectively. Practices like mindfulness, self-reflection, and seeking support when needed contribute to emotional well-being. Environmental – ways in which the environment impacts on persons. Spiritual – connected to one’s religious beliefs and one’s ability to achieve peace within oneself. It involves finding meaning, purpose, and inner peace. Practices like meditation, prayer, or connecting with nature contribute to spiritual well-being. Social – ability to communicate with others and to maintain healthy relationships. Social connections, support networks, and a sense of belonging are essential for overall wellness.

Pathological changes diagnosed by symptoms and signs. Can cause ill health and sometimes results in death

impairment of the normal state of the living body, in whole or in parts. * interruption or changes in vital functions * MUST be diagnosed by a medical practitioner. * typical manifestation - distinguishing signs and symptoms. * a response to either environmental factors, lifestyle, specific infective agents, or genetic defects.

A feeling which gives the perception of having a disease. Concept - What you feel is not what may be diagnosed by a doctor.

Based on germ theory of disease - certain diseases are caused by invasion of body by microorganisms State of normal function that could be disrupted from time to time by disease Minimized role of environmental, social, psychological & cultural determinants of health

Demography of the populations has changed Nature of diseases and their patterns have changed- rise of chronic diseases , decline of acute illnesses Public health measures changed- improved nutrition, hygiene, sanitation, healthcare interventions

• Dissatisfaction • Disease • Discomfort • Disability • Death To be in good health, we must have the absence of all 5 D’s Poor health and disease have major implications for - family life, quality of life, productivity, and economic cost- direct & indirect.

Communicable and Non- communicable

Spread through close contact with infected person/s or through vector transmission. * Easily spread (transmitted) from person to person Communicable diseases are usually passed on by contact with vectors carrying the disease pathogens.

Poor Health is measured by the 5 D’s - Dissatisfaction; Discomfort; Disability; Disease & Death. Good health requires an absence of all the Ds. Poor health and disease have major implications for - family life, quality of life, productivity, and economic cost- direct & indirect.

Communicable and non-communicable

• Spread through close contact with infected person/s or through vector transmission. • Easily spread (transmitted) from person to person Communicable diseases are usually passed on by contact with vectors carrying the disease pathogens.

➢ A disease vector is any living agent that carries and transmits an infectious disease or pathogen to another living organism e.g. insects, rodents ➢ A biological vector is a living thing that carries the disease-causing agent or causative organism from source reservoirs to the host.

Arthropods – blood sucking insects such as mosquitoes, lice, fleas, ticks, and other insects – cockroaches * Animals e.g., rodents (rats, mice), dogs * Plants e.g., types of fungi, parasites & toxins * Microbes e.g., bacteria, viruses. Vectors also include – humans (sick persons that are knowingly & unknowingly transmitting), water (contaminated & untreated), food (contaminated, spoiled, uncooked), dust & contaminated/polluted air.

Parasites – malaria, head lice, scabies Bacteria – strep throat, whooping cough(pertussis), cholera, salmonella, urinary tract infections (UTIs), Sexually Transmitted diseases (STDs) & Tuberculosis Viruses – flu, dengue fever, measles/mumps, malaria, yellow fever, Smallpox, Chicken pox, Polio, HPV, HIV, H1N1, SARs, COVID 19, tuberculosis Fungi – Athlete’s foot, ringworm, thrush Toxins – asbestosis, silicosis, chronic bronchitis, asthma, leukemia STDs – Chlamydia; Gonorrhoeae, Syphilis, Herpes, Trichomoniasis & HIV

High fever diarrhea vomiting skin rashes or lesions body pains headaches