Chapter 12
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Ground state
The lowest energy state of an atom or molecule.
Excited state
States with more energy than the ground (lowest energy level) in an atom or molecule.
Base Peak
The most intense peak in the mass spectrum.
Parent Peak
The peak corresponding to the complete molecule – usually the highest mass peak in the spectrum.
Emission
When an electron in an excited energy state (excited state) returns to the a lower energy state, the transition energy is emitted as light.
Absorption
In spectroscopy, it is the absorption or uptake of light by a substance, accompanied by an increase in the energy of the molecules or atoms of the substance. When electrons become excited from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing light energy.
Mass-to-charge
The measured mass as a ratio to its charge.
Alpha Emission
The ejection of a helium nucleus, containing two neutrons and two protons, from a radioactive nucleus to form a new atom that is four mass units lighter and shifted two elements to the left in the periodic table.
Antibonding
A type of chemical bonding that inhibits bonding between atoms and whose energy increases as atoms are brought closer together, resulting in a net repulsion between the atoms.
Color
The way that our eyes and brain perceive different wavelengths of light in the visible range.
Atomic Number
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Beta Emission
The emission of an electron from a radioactive nucleus.
Beta Emission
The emission of an electron from a radioactive nucleus.
Carbon Cycle
The process whereby carbon is exchanged between living and non-living components in a cyclic arrangement.
Frequency
The number of waves that pass a fixed point per unit of time.
Detector
An instrument, or part of an instrument, designed to detect the presence of electromagnetic radiation or radioactivity.
Emission
The giving off of electromagnetic radiation or radioactivity as an atom or molecule goes from a higher to a lower energy state.
Gamma Emission
The emission of a high-energy photon of electromagnetic radiation in the gamma ray region from a radioactive nucleus
Gas Chromatography
A for of chromatography, used for separating mixtures into its individual components, that uses a gas as the mobile phase.
Isotope
Two or more atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Infrared Spectroscopy
The measurement of the absorption of light between about 500 to 1500 cm1 that causes quantized vibrations in molecules.
Half-life
The amount of time necessary for one-half of the original sample to change, decompose or decay away.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
The principle that states that we can never know simultaneously both the position and the momentum of an object with complete certainty.
Ground State
The lowest energy state of an atom or molecule.