2.5 Electrons, Bonding and Structure
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What is the principal quantum number ?
Number representing the overall energy of each orbital, which increases with distance from the nucleus.
What is the main energy level ?
Also known as the shell. It is a group of atomic orbitals with the same principal quantum number.
What is an atomic orbital ?
Volume of space that can contain up to 2 electrons of the opposite spin.
How many electrons can occupy the first energy level ?
2 electrons maximum.
How many electrons can occupy the second energy shell ?
18 electrons maximum.
How many electrons can occupy the 4th energy level ?
32 electrons maximum.
How many electrons can occupy the 5th energy level ?
50 electrons maximum.
What are s-orbitals ?
S-orbitals are spherical around the nucleus of an atom. They can contain 2 electrons maximum. Each energy level has an s-orbitals.
What are p-orbitals ?
P-orbitals are a dumb-bell shape with the nucleus in the middle. Can contain 6 electrons maximum. There are no p orbitals in the first energy level.
What are d orbitals ?
D-orbitals occupy a flower shape around the nucleus. Can contain 10 electrons maximum (5[] x2).
What sub-shell has the lowest energy ?
1s has the lowest energy and therefore, gets filled first.
What do opposite spins help to do ?
Help to counteract repulsion between negative charges of 2 electrons. 2 electrons in an orbital must have opposite spins.
What do blocks in periodic table correspond to ?
Blocks correspond to their highest sub-shell energy.
What is the s-block ?
S-blocks highest energy electrons are in the s-sub shell (left block of the 2 groups).
What is the p-block ?
P-blocks highest energy electrons are in the p-sub shell (right block of the 6 groups).
What is the d-block ?
D-blocks highest energy electrons are in the d-sub shell (centre block of the 10 groups).
When forming ions, what do the highest energy sub-shells do ?
When forming ions, the highest energy sub-shells lose or gain electrons in the s-block or p-block orbitals.
What happens to d-block when forming ions ?
For d-block elements, the 4s sub-shell is at a lower energy than the 3d sub shell, so is filled first. The energies of the two are close together and once filled the 3d sub-shell falls below the 4s sub-shell.
What is ionic bonding ?
Electrostatic attraction between positive and negative ions in ionic compounds.
What do the simplest ionic compounds contain ?
Simplest ionic compounds contain metal and non-metal ions.
What is the structure of ionic compounds ?
Each ions attract oppositely charged ions in all directions. This results in a giant ionic lattice containing billions of ions.
What can the physical properties be explained by ?
Physical properties can be explained by lattice structure and ionic bonding.
What is the melting and boiling point of ionic compounds ?
Almost all ionic compounds are solid at room temperature, as there is insufficient energy to overcome the strong electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions in a lattice.
What is the solubility of ionic compound ?
Many ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents, such as water. Polar water molecules break down the lattice and surround each ion in the solution.