Classification, Variation and Inheritance.
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Define classification. 1 mark
Classification is the process by which living organisms are grouped.
List the five kingdoms of life and describe their characteristics. 10 marks
Animals (animalia) - Multicellular, heterotrophic feeders (no chlorophyll), no cell wall, complex cell structure with a nucleus Plants (plantae) - Multicellular, autotrophic feeders (using chlorophyll), cell wall made of cellulose, complex cell structure with a nucleus Fungi - Multicellular, saprophytic feeders (no chlorophyll), cell wall not made from cellulose, complex cell structure with a nucleus Protists (protoctista) - Mostly unicellular (amoeba) with a few multicellular (seaweeds), complex cell structure with a nucleus Bacteria (prokaryotae) - Unicellular, simple cell structure with no nucleus
Distinguish between and give examples of vertebrates and invertebrates. 4 marks
Vertebrates have a backbone. Examples include mammals and reptiles. Invertebrates do not have a backbone. Examples include insects and arachnids.
Describe the properties of the phylum Arthropoda. 5 marks
• Exoskeleton • Bilateral symmetry • Jointed appendages • Segmented bodies • Specialised appendages
Distinguish between insects and spiders. 4 marks
• Insects have 6 legs and spiders have 8 legs • Insects have antennae and spiders have no antennae • Insects have a head, thorax and abdomen and spiders have a cephalothorax and abdomen. • Insects have 2 compound eyes and spiders have 8 simple eyes.
List the properties of the five main groups of vertebrates. 10 marks (2 for each group)
Fish * Fins * Scales * Gills * Mainly cold-blooded; a few species are warm-blooded Amphibians * Soft, moist skin * Can breathe through skin as well as lungs * Live in both water and land * Cold-blooded Reptiles * Scales * Cold-blooded * Lungs Birds * Feathers * Wings * Beaks * Lungs * Warm-blooded Mammals * Warm-blooded * Hair * Mammary glands * Lungs
Distinguish between cold-blooded and warm-blooded animals. 4 marks
Cold-blooded cannot regulate their internal body temperature. They cannot survive in extreme temperature conditions. Warm-blooded animals can regulate and maintain constant internal body temperature. They can survive in any temperature range as they can adapt to it easily.
Define variation and describe common variations between individuals. 5 marks
Variation refers to the differences that exist between individuals of a species. Common variations include: * Eye colour * Blood group * Hair colour * Right or left-handedness
Distinguish between and give examples of continuous and discontinuous variation. 4 marks
Continuous variation could be any value, e.g. height. Discontinuous variation has distinct categores, e.g. blood type.
Genes are inherited from 1)………. and they control 2)………. or 3)………. in individuals, e.g. hair colour. 3 marks
1) parents 2) traits 3) characteristics