3.1/1.6

a heritable factor that consists of a length of DNA and influences a specific characteristic. they are lengths of DNA that code to make a protein.

a position on a chromosome where a gene for a particular trait is located

chromosomes that have the same: genes, size, placement for the centromere gene loci in the same sequence pattern of banding X and Y chromosomes have an unmatched region on the X chromosome as the Y is shorter.

various specific forms of a gene

one or only a few bases each allele will show a slight difference in base orders. this is enough to alter the protein so it is different slightly

the homologous pair carry alternative forms of a gene which are called alleles homologous chromosomes carry the same sequence of gene but not necessarily the same alleles of those genes

one from the mother’s egg one from the father’s sperm

alterations in the DNA of chromosomes that is not immediately and properly repaired.

neutral harmful benefecial

neutral or ‘silent’ i.e they have no observable effect on the orgainism

evident because they may alter the survival capacity of the organism e.g. sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, albinism

benefecial form the basis for evolution. any mutation that improves survival of an organism will of an organism will be passed on e.g. disease resistance, chlorosterol tolernance, antibiotic resistance in bacteria

may occur randomly and spontaneously. may also be induced by enviromental factors

arise from errors in DNA replication. different genes mute at different rates

can be induced by mutagens

envriomental factors that cause a change in DNA

radiation viruses microorganism enviromental poisons and irritants alcohol and diet

whether it will or will not be inherited most mutations occur in somatic cells and are not inherited gametic mutations occur in the cells of the gonads( which produce sperm and eggs) and may be inherited

no

gene mutations (change in base sequences) chromosomes mutations (affects number of chromosomes)

change in base sequences in DNA for a single gene may produce a new allele of a gene

Gene mutations involving a single nucleotide

A new sequence of the amino acids constituting a protein