Chapter 11: Basic concepts of organic chemistry
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What is catenation? Why is this important for carbon?
The ability to form bonds between atoms of the same element. Carbon is able to form strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms, and can form chains, rings, single, double and triple bonds.
What is the effect of the size of an atom on its bond strength?
The larger the atom, the weaker the bond. Shielding due to filled inner orbitals and greater distance from the nucleus means that the shared electron pair is held less strongly.
What is a homologous series?
A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2.
What is a functional group?
The part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties.
What properties do compounds share in the same homologous series?
• all have same general formula • differs from its neighbour by CH2 • contain the same functional group • similar chemical properties • show a gradual change in physical properties as molar mass increases
Name, general formula, functional group, and prefix/suffix of alkanes
CnH2n+2 No functional group -ane
Name, general formula, functional group, and prefix/suffix of alkenes
CnH2n C=C -ene
Name, general formula, functional group, and prefix/suffix of alkynes
Functional group is triple C=-C bond -yne
Name, general formula, functional group, and prefix/suffix of alcohols
CnH2n+1OH - OH hydroxy-/-ol
Name, general formula, functional group, and prefix/suffix of Carboxylic acids
CnH2n+1COOH -COOH carboxy-/-oic acid
Name, general formula, functional group, and prefix/suffix for halogenoalkanes (haloalkanes)
CnH2n+1X -X chloro- bromo- iodo-
Name, general formula, functional group, and prefix/suffix of Primary amines
CnH2n+1NH2 -NH2 amino-/-amine
Name, general formula, functional group, and prefix/suffix of nitriles
-CN cyano-/-nitrile
Name, general formula, functional group, and prefix/suffix of aldehydes
CnH2n+1CHO -CHO oxo-/-al
Name, general formula, functional group, and prefix/suffix of ketones
CmH2M+1COCnH2n+1 -C(CO)C- oxo-/-one
Name, general formula, functional group, and prefix/suffix of esters
-COOC- -oate
Definition of hydrocarbon
A compound of carbon and hydrogen only
Definition of a saturated hydrocarbon
Only single carbon-carbon bonds
Definition of an unsaturated hydrocarbon
Carbon-carbon double/triple bonds
Definition of aliphatic hydrocarbons
Carbon atoms are joined together in straight chains, branched chains, or non-aromatic rings (Basically any organic compound that isn’t aromatic)
Definition of alicyclic hydrocarbons
Carbon atoms are joined together in a ring structure (but no delocalised electrons)
Definition of aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes)
A special type of unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a benzene ring system (of which some/all carbons are in; does have delocalised electrons)
Definition of alkyl group and general formula
Hydrogen atom removed from alkane parent chain. AKA side chains attached to the parent chain General formula: CnH2n+1 Formed by removing one hydrogen from alkane chain
Name all the alkyl groups up to 10 carbons
methyl ethyl propyl butyl pentyl hexyl heptyl nonyl decyl