Emerging Diseases,antibiotic Resistance, And Biosecurity

Newly recognized diseases that have not previously been observed Ex. Covid19 Known diseases that have increased in incidence or expanded their geographic, host, or vector range

MOST Over 65%

Most zoonotic diseases, in order of incidence • Bacteria • Helminth • Virus • Protozoa

MERS-CoV Infected from camels to human SARS (sudden acute respiratory system) West Nile Virus Why did they die? *It may kill the host too fast *Hard to jump hosts *Vaccines

Climate change Increased number and exposure to vectors *Mosquitoes moving north *Longer seasons leading to more ticks Changes in land use (more wildlife contact) Socio-economic factors (ability to travel) Vaccine hesitancy Misinformation

Any natural, semi-synthetic, or synthetic substance that kills or slows the growth of microorganisms but causes little or no damage to the host May kill: * Bactria * Antivirals * Antifungals * Antiparasitics

Therapy - Treatment of individuals or groups of animals Larger animals are often treated as individuals Preventative (Prophylaxis and Metaphylaxis) - Administered to groups of animals to prevent disease Metaphylaxis - The disease already exists in the group of animals (often used in feedlot animals) Growth Promotion - Administered to groups of animal to improve performance This is not viewed very positively Not done with medically important antimicrobials Unique to livestock Treatment at the group level Whole populations of animals and their bacteria exposed to antimicrobials

• Inhibit cell wall synthesis • Mess with DNA replication or DNA synthesis • Inhibit protein synthesis

• Modify the drug itself • Active efflux (pump out the drugs) • Target modification (change what the drug is binding to) • Reduce permeability (just don’t let the drug in)

• Horizontal Gene transfer • Aquired gene mutations (New Mutation) • Picking up resistance from the environment • Recombination between genetic environments

Primary goals * Optimize clinical outcomes while minimizing unintended consequences of antimicrobials use * Minimise the selection and dissemination of antimicrobial resistance As a result: Drugs can only be used under veterinary oversight

A collection of measure/management practices intended to protect animals or humans against the introduction and spread of disease or harmful biological agents

Human term for biosecurity

The physical design of the facility/area the animals are kept. * Are they kept alone? Together? * Ventilation * Walls (access to outdoors) Ex. * Pigs and chickens are typically kept indoors * Cow/Calve systems are usually outdoors Cows * What terrain are they kept on * Ground?

The protocols you perform to keep the animals safe * Hand washing * Proximity to people and other animals

• Scope • Size • Location • How close is it to potential hazards (hospitals, sewage plants, water supply, wild animal populations, other farms)

Structural Operational Conceptual

Bioexclusion - keeping disease from getting in the facility Biocontainment - Keeping the disease in

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points * Used to monitor and control the food production chain

Vectors are carriers of the disease, but they all not infected or sick from it * Fleas * Ticks * Mosquitoes Fomite: Transmission via a non living source * Contaminated needles, boots, etc.

“There are two types of bacterial resistance: intrinsic and acquired. “In intrinsic resistance, the antibiotic never possessed activity against the pathogen. “Acquired resistance is achieved through the transfer of genetic material that confers resistance.” U.S. Pharmacist

The term that replaced intrinsic resistance > 90% are considered resistant

• Lyme disease (tick borne) • Plague • Dengue • Streptococcus equi. Ssp. zooepidemicus

* Climate change * Increased number and exposure to vectors * Changes in land use (more wildlife contact) * Socio-economic factors (ability to travel more) * Vaccine hesitancy * Misinformation