YR13 - Transition metals
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What is the definition of a transition metal?
A metal with an incomplete d sub-shell
What are the 4 characteristics of a transition metal?
• Formation of coloured ions • Variable oxidation state • Acts as a catalyst • Forms complex ions
Why is Zinc (Zn) not considered a transition metal?
Zinc can only form a 2+ ion, which has a complete d sub-shell.
Why is Scandium (Sc) not considered a transition metal?
Scandium can only form a 3+ ion, which has an empty d sub-shell.
What is meant by a transition metal complex?
A central matal ion surrounded by ligands
What is meant by a ligand?
An atom, ion or molecule that can donate a lone pair to form a dative covelant bond
What is meant by the term coordination number?
The number of dative bonds formed to the central metal ion in a transition metal complex
What is meant by a monodentate ligand?
A ligand which can only form 1 dative bond
What is meant by a bi-dentate ligand?
A ligand which can donate 2 lone pairs of electrons to the central metal ion
• State 2 examples of a small ligand. • What shape and bond angle would a complex containing small ligands have?
• H₂O, NH₃ • Octahedral, 90 degrees
• State an example of a large ligand. • What shape and bond angle would a complex containing this ligand have?
• Cl- • Trigonal planar, 109.5 degrees
State an example of a ligand substitution reaction where the complex changes shape.
• [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ -> [CuCl₄]²⁻ • Octahedral -> trigonal planar
[Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺ reacts with hydroxide ions. • State the colour of [Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺ before the reaction occurs. • State the colour and formula of the perciptate formed when [Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺ reacts with hydroxide ions.
• Violet solution • Green ppt forms. • Cr(OH)₃(H₂O)₃
[Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺ reacts with excess hydroxide ions. • State the colour of [Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺ before the reaction occurs. • State the colour and formula of the substance formed when [Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺ reacts with excess hydroxide ions.
• Violet solution • Green solution forms • [Cr(OH)₆]³⁻
[Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ reacts with hydroxide ions. • State the colour of [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ before the reaction occurs. • State the colour and formula of the perciptate formed when [Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ reacts with hydroxide ions.
• Green solution • Green ppt formed. Fe(OH)₂(H₂O)₄.
What is the rule to quickly figure out how many OHs are subsitutued onto a complex when the OH is not in excess?
The number of OH- ions subsituted is equal to the charge on the complex.
[Fe(H₂O)₆]³⁺ reacts with hydroxide ions. • State the colour of [Fe(H₂O)₆]³⁺ before the reaction. • State the colour and formula of the resulting ppt.
• Yellow solution • Brown ppt. • Fe(OH)₃(H₂O)₃
[Mn(H₂O)₆]²⁺ reacts with hydroxide ions. * State the colour of [Mn(H₂O)₆]²⁺ before the reaction. * State the colour and formula of the ppt formed.
• Pale pink solution • Pale brown ppt. • Mn(OH)₂(H₂O)₄.
[Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺ reacts with ammonia. * State the colour of the solution before the reaction occurs. * State the colour and formula of the ppt formed.
• Violet • Green ppt. • Cr(OH)₃(H₂O)₃
[Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺ reacts with excess ammonia. * State the colour of the solution before the reaction occurs. * State the colour and formula of the solution formed.
• Violet solution • Purple solution • [Cr(NH₃)₆]³⁺
[Fe(H₂O)₆]²⁺ reacts with ammonia. * State the colour of the solution before the reaction occurs. * State the colour and formula of the ppt formed.
• Green solution -> green ppt. • Fe(OH)₂(H₂O)₄.
[Fe(H₂O)₆]³⁺ reacts with ammonia. * State the colour of the solution before the reaction occurs. * State the colour and formula of the ppt formed.
• Yellow • Fe(NH₃)₃(H₂O)₃. Brown.
[Mn(H₂O)₆]²⁺ reacts with ammonia. * State the colour of the solution before the reaction occurs. * State the colour and formula of the ppt formed.
• Pale pink • Mn(OH)₂(H₂O)₄. Pale brown.
[Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺ reacts with ammonia. * State the colour of the solution before the reaction occurs. * State the colour and formula of the ppt formed.
• Blue solution -> blue ppt • Cu(OH)₂(H₂O)₄.