L11- Prevention and health promotion

cure

healthy working population

NHS long term plan

chronic conditions - how we will sustain our healthy and social care systems!

engage well with prevention e.g. a pill is easier than exercise every day

e.g. banning smoking in public places, sugar tax etc —> bring about the biggest change, best value for money

Indiviudals and behaviour change wider social network and culture institutions and organisation e.g. schools community structure and systems

• Individual attitudes • Beliefs • Knowledge • Behaviours

• Individual relationships • Support groups • Social networks • Cultural context

• Schools • Health care administration • Businesses • Faith based organisation • institutions

• Relationships and communications between organisation and institutions

• National, local, law, built environment e.g. public works and infrastructures

primordial prevention

1) Primordial 2) Primary prevention 3) Secondary prevention 4) Tertiary prevention

• Concerned with avoiding the emergence and establishment of the social, economic and cultural patterns of living that are known to contribute to an elevated risk of disease • It involves intervention that are applied at population level to influence or affect individuals

• Concerned with preventing the onset of pathological changes • It involves interventions that are applied before there is pathology • E.g. vaccination, smoking cessation, physical fitness, road safety

• Concerned with detecting a disease in its earliest stages, before symptoms appear, an intervening top slow or stop its progression i.e. catch it early • The assumption is that earlier intervention will be more effective, and that this disease can be slowed or revered o e.g. screening and risk prediction’’

(we want to avoid due to cost to NHS and patient) • Concerned with arresting the progress of an established disease and to control its negative consequences o To lessen impairment (inc recurrence) o To reduce disability and handicap o To minimise suffering caused by existing departures from good health o To promote the patient adjustment to irremediably conditions i.e. minimise the consequences

the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health to reach a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being.

universal or targeted

aim to reduce risk across the whole population e.g. sugar tax

aim to identify those most at risk and then tailor messages and approaches to that group or groups e.g. breast feeding initiatives in young mums

• Where a risk factor is common the universal approaches are likely to see a bigger impact • BUT the harm paradox is an issue- where population is affected but individual risk for many is not and this then affects perceived credibility • Targeted approaches can be tailors to need and to specific communities • BUT it can assume that groups are homogenous, can lead to culture blaming and broader health issues might be neglected

• Building Healthy Public Policy - joint working across sectors, fiscal and wider policy, recognition of the role of public policy in health • Creating Supportive Environments - the role of work and leisure, protecting the natural and built environment • Strengthening community actions - empowering communities, strengthening public participation and access to opportunities • Developing personal skills - providing access to information and education for health, enhancing life skills and enabling people to make choices and be in control of their health • Re-orientating health services - health services as health promoting, wider and holistic focus on the individual • Moving into the future - addressing ecological issues, seeing health as an investment, promoting equity