OPTION D.1-Human Nutrition

Can be synthesised by the body if phenylalanine is present

Can normally sufficiently be made by healthy individuals → BUT synthesis pathway isn’t active in prematurely born infants = MUST get from diet!

Can’t make enough proteins = can cause malnutrition

+ Causes lack of blood plasma proteins → fluid retained in the tissues + Causes swelling (edema) most obvious in abdomen + Child =dev. both mentally and physically retarded + Adult = wasting = serious weight loss

+ Thyroid gland to synthesis hormone = thyroxin → Stimulates metabolic rates → ensures energy = released in the body

+ Women = pregnant = IDD = baby may be born w/ permanent brain damage + Child = IDD = after birth → mental dev. and intelligence impaired

+ linked to poverty + consequence of diet lacking in adequate protein and carbs → unbalanced and fail to provide essential nutrients

+ diet contains excess fats and refined carbs + observed in developing countries = unhealthy diet

Making us feel satisfied when we hv. eaten enough food (satiated)

1) Small intestine secretes hormone PYY3-36 when it contains food 2) Pancreas secretes insulin when blood glucose conc. is too high 3) Adipose tissues secrete hormone = leptin when amt of fats stored increase

Condition where sugar is present in the urine! When it is NOT suppose to be present + Elevated levels of blood glucose + Glucose in urine + dehydration and thirst resulting from excretion of large vol. of urine

+ Auto-immune destruction of insulin-secreting β-cells in the PANCREAS + Early onset

+ Decreased responsiveness of body cells to insulin due to “burn-out” + Late onset

+ diets rich in fats and low in fibre + Obesity due to overweight and lack of exercise + Genetic factors which affect FAT metabolism

1) Hypertension 2) Type II Diabetes

1) Atherosclerosis = narrowing of arteries by fat deposits 2) Hypertension (high bp) 3) CHD = narrowing of coronary arteries

+ Increase the release of several hormones + Cause changes in body physiology and anatomy + Lead to higher cardiac output = increase bp + Abdominal obesity = increase vascular resistance = increase bp + Associated w/ arteries becoming stiffer and narrower = increase bp

HIGH salt intake → salt has osmotic effect

+ Leads to breakdown of body tissue + When there is no dietary intake of energy source → body will resort to glycogen stores → break down own muscles and tissues to use resulting aa’s as energy (sent to liver to convert to glucose) LOSS OF MUSCLE MASS

Psychiatric illness → complex causes + voluntary starvation + loss of body mass

+ amt of carbs and fats consumed = too small to satisfy the body’s energy requirements → proteins and other chemicals in body broken down instead

+ Wasting of muscle + Skin dries and bruises easily + Females= lead to infertility + Hair becomes thin and can drop out

+ Heart muscle can also deteriorate + lack of dietary intake can alter electrolyte balance → leads to skeletal and cardiac muscle not contracting normally

Genetic disease caused by mutation of a gene coding for enzyme that converts Phenylalanine → Tyrosine + Allele needed for the conversion is dominant + symptoms only occur in individuals that have 2 recessive alleles