Grade 11 Review

• Methane, Ammonia, Carbon dioxide, and Hydrogen • Heat produced water vapor which rose to the inorganic compounds • Two electrodes for lightning • Condenser for the gaseous compounds • Samples collected from a collecting device

• Synthesis of small carbon compounds from abiotic molecules • Small organic molecules joining to form polymers • Polymers becoming contained by membranes to form a homeostatic environment • Development of self-replicating molecules for inheritance and control

• Brownish-Black water after a week • Water contained some organic molecules like amino acids • Therefore at least some of the organic molecules required for life could be spontaneously generated under certain conditions

• All organisms share the same genetic code • Over 300 genes of DNA are common in all cells • The same building blocks for both DNA and RNA in all cells • Common molecular processes such as replication • Similar cellular transport mechanisms

• Vents are rich in organic compounds • Fossils of cyanobacteria or old precipitates • Commonality of genetic sequence in organisms near vents • Mineral-rich environment for chemical reactions • Some genes are involved in thermophilic environments • Meter-long red and white tube worms, showed earliest forms of life could develop near the hydrothermal vents without light

• A technique used to examine the ultrastructure of rapidly frozen biological samples. • Involves rapidly freezing a membrane and then fracturing it, separating the phospholipid bilayer • Allowed development of the Singer-Nicholson model of membrane structure

• Plasma Membrane: Controls entrance and exit of substances • Cytoplasm: Site of chemical reactions (Made of cytosol, no cytoskeleton) • Nucleoid Region: Irregular shape containing DNA • 70S Ribosomes: Protein Synthesis • Cell Wall: Peptidoglycan for strength and support, prevents bursting • Pili: For adhesion and sexual reproduction (Bacillus have, staphylococcus don’t) • Flagellum: Used for locomotion, also a sensory organelle (Bacillus have, staphylococcus don’t)

• Plasma Membrane: Controls exit and entrance of substances • Cytoplasm: Site of chemical reactions (made of cytosol, has a cytoskeleton) • 80S Ribosomes: Protein synthesis • Nucleus: Where DNA is stored, had a double membrane to allow mRNA out (contains a nucleolus to make ribosome molecules) • Mitochondrion: Aerobic respiration • Vacuoles: One large in plant cells to store nutrients, many small ones in animals for removal of waste • Lysosome: Contains hydrolytic enzymes to digest larger molecules • Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum: Site of protein synthesis, protein transport and other substances • Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Involved in lipid synthesis and lipid transportation • Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, collects, distributes, and packages material to be exported • Cytoskeleton: Composed of protein microtubules involved in maintaining cell shape • Chloroplasts: Allows photosynthesis

• A large cell engulfed a smaller cell 2 billion years ago • The cells made a symbiotic relationship, protection for energy • The smaller cell evolved into a mitochondria

• Chloroplasts and Mitochondria are similar sizes to modern prokaryotes and share characteristics • Common reproducing by binary fission • Chloroplasts and mitochondria have double membranes resulting from endocytosis • Mitochondria can divide independently • Mitochondria can produce their own proteins • Mitochondria have RNA present in their ribosomes similar to prokaryotic ribosomes

• Maintains cell shape • Anchors organelles • Aids cellular movement • Provides a means for some organelles to move

INTEGRAL: - Permanently attached to the membrane, - Contains one hydrophobic section and two hydrophilic sections - Can be glycoproteins, channels, or protein pumps PERIPHERAL: - Temporarily attached to one side of the membrane surface or one side of a integral protein - The proteins are charged, hydrophilic, and do not pass through the membrane - Proteins can be receptors and enzymes

• A specific particle binds onto a specific protein pump • ATP binds to the protein pump and hydrolyzes to become ADP • A phosphate remains attached to the protein pump and causes it to change shape • The particle is moved against the concentration gradient and released • The phosphate is released, causing the protein pump to return to its original shape

• Hormone Receptors: When a hormone binds to one, the metabolism changes • Cell to cell communication: Neurotransmitters bind to glycoproteins to send signals • Immune response: Glycoproteins on the cell distinguish them from other cells • Cell to cell adhesion: Glycoproteins interact with ones on other cells to join and form tissue

• Cholesterol helps regulate fluidity • At high temps: Reduces fluidity by increasing melting point • At lower temps: Maintains fluidity and prevents crystallization

• A Protein is formed in the rER • The rER forms a vesicle around it and sends it to the Golgi • The vesicle fuses with the Golgi, packaging it into a secretory vesicle • The secretory vesicle moves towards the membrane • The secretory vesicle fuses with the membrane and undergoes exocytosis

• 3 Na ions attach to a binding site • ATP attaches to the pump • ATP is hydrolyzed, leaving a phosphate • The phosphate changes the pumps shape, releasing NA ions • 2 K ions attach to their binding sites • The phosphate is released from the pump • The pump returns to its original shape, trapping K

• Extracellular matrix: Gel-like material that supports cells along with cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) • Cell junction: A protein complex that provides adhesion between animal cells

• Tight: A complete seal between cells to prevent leakage • Gap: Channels between cells that allow molecules to pass between cells • Adherens: Protein complexes that connect cells together • Desmosomes: Protein complexes that provide tissue with structural integrity

• A thin sugar layer that covers cells • Used for adhesion, recognition, and reception • For protection in bacteria and fungi • For anchoring the cell wall in plants

• The filtered solution containing the cell organelles is spun at low speed by an ultracentrifuge. • The densest organelles form a pellet at the bottom of the centrifuge tube. • The pellet is removed, and the process is repeated at faster speeds until the organelles are separated

• Outer membrane: Impermeable to H+ ions • Inter membrane: Small space to accumulate ions • Inner membrane: Contains the ETC and ATP synthase • Cristae: Highly folded for more Surface Area

• A protein that forms a triskelion vesicle • Forms a cage to selectively internalize nutrients and receptors