Cell structure 1.1
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What are the two types of cells?
Eukaryotic and prokaryotic
What are the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound-organelles and a nucleus containing genetic material, while prokaryotes do not.
What is the prokaryotic cell wall composed of?
Peptidoglycan
How is genetic information stored in a prokaryotic cell?
Found free within the cytoplasm as: • Chromosomal DNA • Plasmid DNA
What are plasmids?
Small, circular loops of DNA found free in the cytoplasm and separate from the main DNA. Carry genes that provide genetic advantages.
What is order of magnitude?
A power to the base 10 used to quantify and compare size.
What is a centimetre (cm)?
1 x 10^-2 metres
What is a millimetre?
1 x 10^-3 metres
What is a micrometre?
1 x 10^-6 metres
What is a nanometre (nm)?
1 x 10^-9 metres
List the components of both plant and animal cells (5)
• Nucleus • Cytoplasm • Cell membrane • Mitochondria • Ribosomes
List the additional cell components found in just plant cells (3)
• Chloroplasts • Permanent vacuole • Cell wall
Other than storing genetic information, what is the function of the nucleus?
Controls cellular activities
Describe the structure of the cytoplasm
• Fluid components of the cell - Contains organelles, enzymes and dissolved ions and nutrients
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
Site of cellular reactions Transport medium
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Controls the entry and exit of materials into and out of the cell
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Site of later stages of aerobic respiration in which ATP is produced.
What is the function of the ribosomes?
Joins amino acids in a specific order during translation for the synthesis of proteins
What is the plant cell wall made of?
Cellulose
What is the function of the plant cell wall?
Provides strength Prevents the cell bursting when water enters by osmosis
What does the permanent vacuole contain?
Cell sap ( a solution of salts, sugars and organic acids).
What is the function of the permanent vacuole?
Supports the cell, maintaining its turgidity.
What is the function of chloroplasts?
Site of photosynthesis
Describe how sperm cells in animals are adapted to their function
• Haploid nucleus contains genetic information • Tail enables movement • Mitochondria provides energy for tail movement • Acrosome contains enzymes that digest the egg cell membrane