Road Transport & Safety
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What are extenders?
Added to petrol or diesel to reduce fossil fuels & make it last longer
What is stopping distance?
Has 2 parts: thinking distance & braking distance Stopping distance is distance travelled between starting to think about stopping & reaching completing complete stop
What is thinking distance?
How far vehicle travels while driver is thinking about what to do
What is braking distance?
How far vehicle travels after brakes are activated until reaching complete stop
What are factors that increase thinking distance?
Faster speed of vehicle Taking alcohol, drugs & medicines Tiredness
What factors increase braking distance?
Faster speed of vehicle Poor brakes Icy/wet weather conditions Bald tyres
What is reaction?
Time it takes to react to a situation
How can friction be increased between 2 solid surfaces?
Making one or both surfaces sticky or uneven Pressing surfaces together so they ‘catch’ Increasing area of contact between surfaces
How can friction be decreased between 2 solid surfaces?
Smooth/polish surfaces Cover surfaces in lubricant Use ball bearings between wheel & axle Separate surfaces as much as possible to decrease area of contact
How can energy be lost in friction?
When the 2 solid surfaces rub together
What do seatbelts do to protect people?
Restrain driver & passengers, preventing them from being thrown forward on impact
What do airbags do to protect people?
Shock of impact causes of airbags to inflate rapidly, providing cushion between driver & steering wheel & other hard surfaces
What do crumple zones do to protect people?
Situated at front & rear of cars; on impact they absorb energy as they ‘crumple’ & collapse slowly, reducing force people in car subjected to
What do rigid passenger cells do to protect people?
Cabin encloses driver & passengers is tough & rigid; it will not collapse on impact, protecting those inside from crush injuries
What are speed limits and how do they protect people?
Upper speed limits set by government; different limits for different areas of road Make accidents less likely & reduce extent of injury if accident occurs
What are speed bumps and how do they protect people?
Slow vehicles down in built-up areas; if drivers go over bumps too quickly, vehicle damaged Accidents less likely & reduce extent of injury if accident happens
What are traffic cameras and how do they protect people?
Instantaneous speed cameras: measure car’s speed at particular moment in time - actual time camera takes image Average speed camera: measure average speed of car over set distance; to measure average speed at least 2 cameras needed at different points in road Encourage drivers to stay within speed limit as drivers can face fines or even disqualification if caught speeding